Джеймс Голдгейер - Цель и средства. Политика США в отношении России после «холодной войны»
317
Woolf, Nuclear Weapons in Russia. — P. 8.
318
Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS. U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia, Fiscal Year 2001 (Department of State, March 2002). — P. 153.
319
Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS. U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with the New Independent States of the Firmer Soviet Union. — P. 3.
320
Interview with Daniel Poneman.
321
The MPC&A budgets were as follows: 1993, 3 million; 1994, 11 million; 1995, 73 million; 1996, 99 million; 1997, 115 million; 1998, 137 million; 1999, 152 million; 2000, 145 million; and 2001, 145 million.
322
Woolf. Nuclear Weapons in Russia. — P. 12.
323
Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS. U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia, Fiscal Year 2001. — P. 153.
324
Interview with William Perry.
325
Interview with Ashton Carter.
326
Perry. Forging Realistic, Pragmatic Relations with Russia.
327
Interview with James Collins.
328
Interviews with Morningstar, William Taylor, Perry, and Carter.
329
Morse L. Thumbs Down from Grain Traders // Financial Times. — April 6, 1993. — P. 4; White House press release. Vancouver Summit Assistance Package. — March 31, 1993; Background Briefing by Senior Administration Officials. — April 4, 1993; Canada Place, Vancouver, British Columbia, Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS. U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia, Fiscal Year 2001. — P. 153.
330
Interview with Atwood.
331
Rosner. The New Tag of War. — P. 49-50.
332
Interview with Atwood.
333
Gaidar Y. Days of Defeat and Victory. — University of Washington Press, 1999. — P. 152.
334
Interview with Lipton.
335
Lipset S.M. Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy // American Political Science Review. — Vol. 53. — No. 1 (1959). — P. 69-105; see also: Lipset S.M. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. — Doubleday, 1960; and more recently, Przeworski A., Alvarez M., Cheibub J.A. and Limongi F. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. — Cambridge University press, 2000.
336
Ясин Е. Нормальная экономика — основное условие демократии // Известия. — 1991. -27 августа. Перепечатка в: Current Digest of the Soviet Pres. — Vol. 43. — October 9, 1991. — P. 15.
337
Yasin. A Normal Economy Is the Main Condition for Democracy. — P. 15. For the analytical underpinning of this fear, see: Przeworski A. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economics Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. — Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991.
338
Об этой дискуссии см.: May В. Экономика и власть. — М.: Дело, 1995.
339
Yeltsin's address to the Fifth Congress, October 28, 1991 // Yeltsin-Khasbulatov. — P. 96.
340
May В. Экономика и власть. — С. 43.
341
См.: McFaul. Russia's Unfinished Revolution. — Chap. 4.,
342
McFaurs interview with Yegor Gaidar. — October 8, 1997.
343
Interview with Jeanny Bourgault, at the time, director of the Office of Democratic Initiatives and Human Resources (DIHR).
344
Источник: Аппарат координатора помощи новым независимым государствам. U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (Department of State, 1996). P. 200 (www.fpa.org (July 2003).
345
Stiglitz J. Whither Reform? Ten Years of Transition, paper delivered at Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics. — Washington, 1999; Hough J. The Logic of Economic Reform in Russia. — Brookings, 2001.
346
Interview with Stanley Fisher.
347
См., например: McFaul M. Why Russian Politics Matter // Foreign Policy. — Vol. 74. — January-February 1995. — P. 87-99; McFaul M. When Capitalism and Democracy Collide in Transition, Working Paper I. — Harvard University, Davis Center for Russian Studies, 1997. — P. 1-37.
348
National Democratic Institute, «Submission of the National Democratic Institute to the Congressionally Authorized Study on the U.S. Government- Funded Democracy Programs». — Washington, July 1994. — P. 2.
349
Hellman J. Winners Take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Post- Communist Transition // World Politics. — Vol. 50. — January 1998. — P. 203-234; Dethier J.-J., Ghanem H. and Zoli E. Does Democracy Facilitate the Economic Transition? An Empirical Study of Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, unpublished manuscript. — World Bank, June 1999; European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Transition Report 1999: Ten Years of Transition. — London, 1999. — Chap. 5; Aslund A. Building Capitalism: The Transformation of the Former Soviet Bloc. — Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
350
Interview with Gati.
351
К сожалению, нет компетентного анализа с оценкой истории этих про грамм в России. По отдельным направлениям см.: Richter J. Evaluating Western Assistance to Russian Women's Organizations, and Powell L. Western and Russian Environmental NGO's: A Greener Russia? in: Mendelson S. and Clenn J. eds. The Power and Limits of NGO's: A Critical Look at Building Democracy in Eastern Europe and Eurasia. — Columbia University Press, 2002; Sundstrom L. M. Strength from Without? Transnational Influences on NGO Development in Russia. Ph.D. dissertation. — Stanford University, December 2001; and Mendel son S. Democracy Assistance and Political Transition in Russia: Between Success and Failure // International Security. — Vol. 25. — Spring 2001. — P. 68-106.
352
См. Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS, U.S. Go vernment Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia, Fiscal Year 2001 (Department of State, March 2002). — P. 153.
353
Об этих проблемах см.: Carothers T. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve. — Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999; and Diamond. Promoting Democracy in the 1990s.
354
Interview with Atwood.
355
Interview with Bourgault.
356
Относительно того, почему малые государства более эффективны, чем большие, см.: Nairn M. Latin America: The Second Stage of Reform // Journal of Democracy. — Vol. 5. — October 1994. — P. 32-48.
357
The Eurasia Foundation: 1996-1997 Report. — Washington, 1997. — P. 9.
358
См.: Kramer D. Russian Aid (II) // National Interest. — No. 39 (spring 1995). — P. 78.
359
Talbott S. deputy secretary of state, statement before the Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee, 104 Cong. 1 sess. — February 5, 1995. — P. 5.
360
Sherwood-Randall E. U.S. Policy and the Caucasus // Contemporary Caucasus Newsletter (Spring 1998). — P. 3-4. University of California, Berkeley, Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies.
361
Goldman S. IB92089: Russia // CRS Report for Congress (Congressional Research Service). — June 15, 2000. — P. 25.
362
Sciolino E. Clinton Adds Visit from Russian Official on Aid // New York Times. — March 19, 1993. — P. A5.
363
Interview with Talbott.
364
Телевизионное обращение Ельцина от 30 декабря 1991 г., публикация в: Ельцин-Хасбулатов. — С. 111.
365
Quoted in: Asmus R.D. Opening NATO's Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era. — Columbia University press, 2002. — P. 112.
366
«A Personal Account from Moscow, December 1992: Russia after the Congress of People's Deputies», memo from Tobi Gati to Mike Mandelbaum. — December 16, 1992. — P. 4.
367
Interview with Brian Atwood.
368
Interview with Anthony Lake and Coit Blacker.
369
Interview with Sandy Berger, Leon Fuerth, Strobe Talbott and James Steinberg.
370
Lake A. Six Nightmares: Real Threats in a Dangerous World and How America Can Meet Them (Little, Brown, 2000). — P. 194.
371
Interviews with Lake and Talbott; and Lake A. Six Nightmares. — P. 194.
372
TASS. — February 13, 1992. In: Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS)-SOV, 92-031. — February 1, 1992. — P. 45; и Резолюции // чрезвычайного съезда КПРФ // Советская Россия. — 1993. — 25 февраля.
373
Hellman J. Winners take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Post- Communist Transitions // World Politics. — Vol. 50. — January 1998. — No. 1. — P. 203-234.
374
См.: Гражданский союз. Программа антикризисного урегулирования. — М., 1992. — С. 12-23; а также Известия. — 1992. — 25 авг.
375
Lloyd J. Yeltsin Suffers Setback as Congress Rejects Gaidar // Financial Times. — December 10, 1992. — P. 16.
376
См.: Ельцин Б. Обращение Президента на VII Съезде народных депутатов. 10 декабря 1992 г.; Ельцин-Хасбулатов. Единство. Компромисс. Борьба. — М.: Терра-терра, 1994. — С. 235-236.
377
United Press International. — March 16, 1993.
378
Lowenhardt J. The Reincarnation of Russia: Struggling with the Legacy of Communism, 1990-1994. — Duke University Press, 1995. — P. 134-135; Костиков В. Роман с Президентом: записки пресс-секретаря. — М.: Вагириус, 1997. — С. 169.
379
Interviews with Wayne Merry and Thomas Graham.
380
Stephanopoulos G. All Too Human: A Political Education (Little, Brown and Co., 1999). — P. 138.
381
Talbott S. The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy (Random House, 2002). — P. 68.
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