Джеймс Голдгейер - Цель и средства. Политика США в отношении России после «холодной войны»
The phrase is from Talbott «Democracy and the National Interest».
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Strobe Talbott, deputy secretary of state, statement before the Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriation Committee, 104, Cong. 1 sess., February 5, 1995 (transcript provided by the Federal News Service, Washington). — P. 6; and interview with Talbott.
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Statement of Thomas A. Dine before Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 103 Cong. 2 sess. — January 26, 1994. — P. 7.
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Interviews with Nicholas Burns and Tobi Gati.
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Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 58.
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Rosner J. The New Tug of War: Congress, the Executive Branch, and National Security. — Washington, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1995. — P. 45.
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Boulton L. Russia Lurks in the Shadows of the G-7 Feast // Financial Times. — July 12, 1993. — P. 2; Boulton L. and Martin J. G-7 Nations Agree to Russia Fund // Financial Times. — July 9, 1993. — P. 1; and Greenhouse S. Russia Aid Plan Promotes Role for U.S. Companies // New York Times. — July 24, 1993. — P. 4.
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Interview with Talbott.
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Rosner, The New Tug-of-War. — P. 46.
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Interview with Jeremy Rosner.
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Источник: Аппарат координатора по вопросам помощи новым независимым государствам. Ежегодные отчеты о правительственной помощи и координации новым независимым государствам в 1994-1999 финансовых годах. Госдепартамент (www.fpa.org); за 2000 и 2001 годы (www.state.gov/p/eur/ace); запросы на международную помощь в 2002-2004 годах (www.state./gov/m/rm/rls/iab). Все сайты по состоянию на июль 2003 года.
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Sachs J. Crash of Nations: Mexico Si, Russia, Nyet // New Republic. — February 6, 1995. — P. 12.
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Interviews with Rosner and George Ingram.
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Clinton W. Charter for Special Advisor to the President and to the Secretary of State on Assistance to the New Independent States (NIS) of the Former Soviet Union and Coordinator of NIS Assistance. Memorandum for the heads of executive departments and agencies. — White House, April 4, 1995; and interview with Morningstar.
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Interview with Brian Atwood.
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Interview with Jeanne Bourgault, director of the Office of Democratic Initiatives and Human Resources, U.S. Agency for International Development (1994-1997).
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Interview with Atwood.
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Interview with Morningstar.
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См.: Corwin J. Playing the Aid Game // U.S. News and World Report. — October 3, 1994. — P. 35-36.
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Interview with Bourgault.
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Hiatt Q. in F. and Sutherland D. Grass-Roots Aid Works Best in Russia // Washington Post. — February 12, 1995. — P. Al.
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Interview with Mark Medish. Morningstar made similar observations.
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Interviews with Carlos Pascual, Atwood, and Morningstar.
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General Accounting Office, Foreign Assistance: International Efforts to Aid Russia's Transition Have Had Made Mixed Results, GAO-01-8. — November 2000. — P. 57. Interview with Ingram.
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Interview with David Lipton.
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Липтон совместно с Джефри Саксом написал несколько солидных статей и докладов относительно реформ, необходимых для демонтажа командной системы и создания рыночной экономики. See: in particular: Sachs J. and Lipman D. Prospects for Russia's Economic Reforms // Brookings Papers on Economic Activities. — Vol. 2. — 1992. — P. 213-265; and Sachs J. and Lipton D. Remaining Steps to a Market-Based Monetary System // Aslund A. and Layard R. eds. Changing the Economic System in Russia. — St. Martin's Pres, 1992. — P. 163-82. On Summer's ideas about post-communist transition, see: Summers L. The Next Decade in central and Eastern Europe // Clague Ch. and Rausser G. eds. The Emergence of Market Economics in Eastern Europe. -Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1992. — P. 25-34.
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Interview with Talbott; also interviews with Lipton, Morningstar and Atwood.
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Interview with Lipton. On these three «tions» of reform, see Aslund A. How Russia Became a Market Economy (Brookings, 1995).
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Interview with Lipton.
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On the memorandum on Economic Policy of the Russian Federation, see: Aslund A. How Russia Became a Market Economy. — P. 64.
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Fyodorov, as quoted in: Boulton L. Fyodorov Hopes Aid Will Be Disbursed Quickly // Financial Times. — April 13, 1993. — P. 3. On missing 1992 window, see: Aslund A. Ruble shooters // New Republic — May 4, 1992. — P. 13. Относительно того, что было обещано в 1992 году и что было достигнуто на самом деле, см.: Greenhouse S.U.S. Maps an Aid Plan for Russia Though Roadblocks May Remain // New York Times. — April 1, 1993. — P. Al, 10.
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Lopez-Claros. The Role of International Financial Institutions during the Transition in Russia.
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See: Schelling T. The Marshall Plan: A Model for Eastern Europe. — P. 24.
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Stone R.W. Lending Credibility: The International Monetary Fund and the Post-Communist Transition. — Princeton University Press, 2002. — P. 124.
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Stone. Lending Credibility. — P. 124; and Lopez-Claros. The Role of International Financial Institutions during the Transition in Russia.
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Interview with Lipton.
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См.: Stone, Lending Credibility.
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Обобщенную информацию о деятельности этих и других многосторонних кредитных институтов, см.: the appendixes in General Accounting Office, Foreign Assistance (November 2000).
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World Bank. Russia's Economy: World Bank Says Growth May Begin in 1998 but Reforms Are Key, press backgrounder, the World Bank Europe, and Central Europe Region. — Washington. — March 1997. — P. 5; Freeland C. World Bank Lends $ 6 billion to Russia // Financial Times. — April 15, 1997. — P. 2
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Friedman T. U.S. Planning Aid to Shore Up Yeltsin's Position // New York Times. — March 6, 1993. — P. 1.
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См.: Yeltsin's remarks during a state visit to France, as reported in John Lloyd. Call by Yeltsin for Immediate Western Support // Financial Times. — March 17, 1993. — P. 16.
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United Press International. Russian Parliament Leader Lashes Out at 'Foreign Interference'. — April 2, 1993.
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Blanchard О., Boyco М., Dabrowski M., Dornbusch R., Layard R. and Shleifer A. Post-Communist Reform: Pain and Progress. — MIT Press, 1993. — P. 54.
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McFaul M. State Power, Institutional Change, and the Politics of Privatization in Russia // World Politics. — Vol. 47. — January 1995. — P. 210-243; for details, see: Blasi J., KroumovaM. and Kruse D. Kremlin Capitalism: Privatizing the Russian Economy. — Cornell University Press, 1997.
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См.: Bivens M. and Bernstein J. The Russia You Never met // Demokra- tizatsiya. — Vol. 6 (Fall 1998). — P. 613-647; and Wedel J. The Harvard Boys Do Russia // Nation. — June 1, 1998. — P. 11-16; and Wedel J. Collision and Collusion: The Strange Case of Western Aid to Eastern Europe, 1988-1998 (St. Martin's Press, 1998).
295
Interview with Atwood.
296
Interview with Morningstar.
297
Interview with Ingram.
298
Interview with James Steinberg.
299
Interviews with Wayne Merry and Thomas Graham.
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Interview with Anders Aslund.
301
Interview with Talbott.
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Greenhouse S. Russia Aid Plan Promotes Role for the U.S. Companies // New York Times. — July 24, 1993. — P. 4; Kramer D. Russian Aid (II) // National Interest. — No. 39 (Spring 1995). — P. 78-82.
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General Accounting Office (GAO), Overseas Investments: Issues Related to the Overseas Private Investment Corporation's Reauthorization, GAO/NISAD-97-230. — September 1997. — P. 18-19.
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Quoted in: Kramer D. Russian Aid (I) // National Interest. — No. 39 (Spring 1995). — P. 79.
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GAO, Overseas Investment. — P. 20.
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Interview with Andrei Kozyrev and Talbott. Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 64-65.
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Interview with Rose Gottemoeller.
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Interview with David Lipton.
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Office of the Coordinator of the Assistance to the NIS, U.S. Government Assistance to the Cooperative Activities with the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union: FY 1997 Annual Report (Department of State, January 1998). — P. 75.
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Sachs. Western Financial Assistance and Russian Reforms. — P. 159.
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См.: Aslund. How Russia Became a Market Economy. — P. 69; Lloyd J. Moscow Seeks Active G-7 Backing for Reforms // Financial Times. — March 20-21, 1993. — P. 2.
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Freeland. World Bank Lends $6 billion to Russia. — P. 2; такие частные фонды, как Институт открытого общества Джорджа Сороса, были более активны, чем американское правительство. См.: Dezhina I. and Graham L. Russian Basic Science after Ten Years of Transition and Foreign Support. — Working papers. — No. 24 (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 2002); see: Rosner. The New Tag of War. — P. 52, for the political problems associated with proposing social safety net funds.
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Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS, U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (Department of State, April 1996). — P. 2-3.
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Defense Secretary William Perry, Forging Realistic, Pragmatic Relations with Russia, address at George Washington University. — March 14, 1994 // Defense News. — Vol. 9. — No. 19 (1994). — P. 1-6; interview with Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall.
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Carter A. and Perry W. Preventive Defense: A New Security Strategy for America (Brookings, 1999), especially chap. 2.
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О дебатах в Сенате и Палате представителей по бюджетным вопросам см.: Woolf A. Nuclear Weapons in Russia: Safety, Security, and Control Issues // CRS Issue Brief for Congress. — Washington, Congressional Research Service, November 5, 2001.
