Реформация. История европейской цивилизации от Виклифа до Кальвина: 1300—1564 гг. - Уильям Джеймс Дюрант

78. Marsilius of Padua in Emerton, 35, 45, and passim.

79. Ibid., 39; Pastor, I, 78; Coulton, Medieval Panorama, 656.

80. Coker, F. W., Readings in Political Philosophy, 246-52.

81. Ibid., 25; Emerton, 22.

82. Defensor Pacis, i, 15, in Carlyle, R. W., Medieval Political Theory, VI, 41.

83. Coker, 257; Duhem, II, 106-7.

84. Thorndike, IV, 388.

85. Id., Science and Thought in Fifteenth Century, 296.

86. Ibid., 296, 136-7.

87. Nicholas of Cusa, De concordantia Catholica, in Hearnshaw, Thinkers of the Renaissance and Reformation, 44n.

88. Figgis, J. N., From Gerson to Grotius, 67.

89. In Pastor, II, 137,

90. Coulton, Med. Panorama, 528.

91. In Janssen, I, 3.

CHAPTER XIII

1. Morison, 24. The account henceforth follows this fascinating biography.

2. The evidence is presented in the early chapters of Madariaga, S. de, Christopher Columbus, esp. pp. 53-9, and 184.

3. Beazley, C. R., in En. Brit., VI, 78.

4. Penrose, 10.

5. Seneca, Medea, 364 f.

6. Morison, 72.

7. Roth, C., Jewish Contribution to Civilization, 74.

8. Lea, Spain, I, 259.

9. Morison, 229.

10. Ibid., 231-3.

11. 115.

12. David, M., Who Was Columbus?, 70.

13. Morison, 576.

14. Ibid., 617.

15. En. Brit., XXIII, 107c. For a recent defense of Vespucci cf. Arciniegas, G., Amerigo and the New World.

CHAPTER XIV

1. Froude, Erasmus, 110.

2. One of many bon mots appropriated from Mrs. Will Durant by the laws of community property.

3. Letter to Wm. Gauden in Froude, Erasmus, 32-3.

4. In Smith, P., Erasmus, 28.

5. Erasmus, Colloquies, II, 326 f.

6. Id., Epistles, I, 127.

7. Smith, Erasmus, 60; Froude, Erasmus, 45.

8. Smith, Erasmus, 63.

9. Erasmus, Epistles, II, 117.

10. Froude, Erasmus, 80.

11. Smith, 32.

12. Epistles, I, 301, 307.

13. Froude, 80-1.

14. Epistles, I, 370.

15. Colloquies, II, 13-35.

16. In Froude, 91.

17. Erasmus, In Praise of Folly, 14, 30, 33.

18. Ibid., 51.

19. 127.

20. 138.

21. 67.

22. 131-4.

23. 86-8.

24. 175.

25. 169-74.

26. 207.

27. Epistles, II, 168.

28. On Erasmus’ authorship cf. Allen, P. S., The Age of Erasmus, 185-9, an d Chambers, R. W., Thomas More, 114-5.

29. In Froude, 150-68.

30. Epistles, III, 418.

31. Colloquies, I, 298.

32. Ibid., 391; II, 13, 34.

33. Colloquies, I, 298.

34. Ibid., 229, 236.

35. Ibid., II, 161.

36. I, 22.

37. I, 24, 35.

38. Smith, 299.

39. Froude, 121 and Smith, 171.

40. In Froude, 126.

41. Smith, Age of Reformation, 58.

42. Epistles, II, 400.

43. Ibid., 464.

44. 249.

45. Erasmus, Education of a Christian Prince, 173; Smith, Erasmus, 201, 217.

46. Epistles, II, 201.

47. Education, 253,

48. Epistles, II, 517.

49. “Peace Protests!” in Chapiro, J., Erasmus and Our Struggle for Peace, 153-65.

50. Ibid., 168.

51. 81.

52. Epistles, II, 120.

53. Letter to Zwingli, Sept 5, 1522.

54. Epistles, II, 421.

55. “Peace Protests!” in Chapiro, 173, 183.

56. Tract “On the Immense Mercy of God” in Bainton, Reformation of the Sixteenth Century, 218.

57. Froude, 195.

58. Erasmus, In Praise of Folly, 48.

59. Froude, 108.

60. Folly, 215.

61. Froude, 130-1, 144.

62. Beard, Luther, 97.

63. Erasmus, Encheiridion, in Beard, 98.

64. Letter of March 25, 1520, m Murray, Erasmus and Luther, 83.

65. Colloquies, I, 98.

66. Ibid., 182.

67. Letter of Jan. 5, 1523, in Chapiro, 105.

68. Epistles, II, 143; Froude, 171-2.

69. Epistles, II, 163, 327.

70. Smith, Erasmus, 150.

71. Epistles, III, iv

72. Smith, 155.

73. Cf., e.g., Smith, 176-9.

74. Epistles, I, 42.

75. In Froude, 172.

76. Epistles, II, 176.

77. Ibid., III, 186.

78. Ibid., 94.

79. Letters to Fabricius Capito, Feb. 26, 1517, and to Leo X in Epistles, II, 505, 521.

80. Epistles, III, 48.

CHAPTER XV

1. Bax, German Society at Close of the Middle Ages, 54-6.

2. Rickard, Man and Metals, II, 562.

3. Janssen, II, 39, 41; Kautsky, 91.

4. Adams, B., Law of Civilization and Decay, 56.

5. Strieder, J., Jacob Fugger, 124,

6. Ibid., 86-9.

7. Crump, Legacy of Middle Ages, 449; Janssen, II, 87; Schapiro, J. S., Social Reform and the Reformation, 32.

8. Janssen, II, 85.

9. Ibid., 88.

10. Bax, German Society, 234-5; Schapiro, 29.

11. In Schapiro, 30.

12. Janssen, II, 88; Boissonade, Life and Work in Medieval Europe, 299.

13. Schapiro, 30.

14. Ibid., 31.

15. Schoenhof, Money and Prices, 72.

16. Janssen, II, 82.

17. Ibid., 3.

18. Adams, B., Civilization and Decay, 56.

19. Janssen, II, 60; Francke, Hy of German Literature, 103.

20. Janssen, I, 140.

21. Erasmus, Epistles, II, 175.

22. Comines, Memoirs, v, 18.

23. Ranke, Reformation, 100, 108-9.

24. In Villari, Machiavelli, I, 444; Janssen II, 202.

25. Creighton, Hy of the Papacy, IV, 94.

26. Janssen, II, 260.

27. Schoenfeld, Women of the Teutonic Nations, 188 f.

28. Beard, Luther, 147.

29. Müller-Lyer, Evolution of Modern Marriage, 57.

30. En. Brit., XVIII, 598b.

31. Schoenfeld, 181.

32. Schultz, A., Deutsches Leben in XIV und XV Jahrhundert, I, 277, 283.

33. Lacroix, Prostitution, I, 165-7.

34. Coulton, Medieval Village, 248; Headlam, Nuremberg, 163-4.

35. Ibid., 164-8.

36. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 638.

37. In Whitcomb, Literary Source Book of the German Renaissance, 63.

38. Richard, E., Hy of German Civilization, 219.

39. Janssen, II, 64.

40. Ibid., 6.

41. Janssen, I, 168.

42. Speculum, Jan. 1931.

43. In Headlam, Nuremberg, 208.

44. Cf. Glück, Die Kunst der Renaissance in Deutschland, 100-1; Haug, H., Grünewald, 1-3, 13-18.

45. Cf. Bock, Geschichte der Graphischen Kunst, 260-1.

46. The ascription of this picture to Grünewald follows Haug. Stänge assigns it to the Master of the House Book.

47. N. Y. Times, April 7, 1928.

48. In Cust, Paintings and Drawings of Albrecht Dürer, 17.

49. Camerarius in La Fargue, Great Masters, 197.

50. Panofsky, Dürer, I, 43.

51. Ibid., II.

52. Ibid., 8.

53. Cust, 59; Janssen, XI, 94.

54. N.Y. Times magazine, April 8,1928, p.