Жизнь в средневековой деревне - Фрэнсис Гис

363 Ibid. P. 44–45.

364 Homans. English Villagers in the Thirteenth Century. P. 146.

365 Clark. Op. cit. P. 313.

366 Ibid. P. 312–313.

367 Raftis. Tenure and Mobility. P. 45.

368 Ibid. P. 44.

369 Clark. Op. cit. P. 310–311.

370 Stuckert Howard Morris. Corrodies in English Monasteries: A Study in English Social History of the Middle Ages. Philadelphia, 1923; Hilton. A Medieval Society. P. 111–113.

371 Hilton. A Medieval Society. P. 163.

372 Bedfordshire Coroners’ Rolls. P. 4.

373 Ibid. P. 89.

374 Manning. Op. cit. P. 280–281.

375 Myrc. Op. cit. P. 53–59.

376 Roberti Grosseteste Epistolae episcopi quondam Lincolniensis / Ed. H. R. Luard. London, 1861. P. 74. Цит. по: Homans. English Villagers in the Thirteenth Century. P. 392.

377 Ibid. P. 392.

378 Цит. по: Owst. Preaching in Medieval England. P. 268.

Глава VII. Деревня за работой

379 E.M.R. P. 90; J. A. Raftis. Farming Techniques. P. 329.

380 Ault. Op. cit. P. 22–23.

381 Gray. Op. cit., особенно P. 39–49 и 71–82; Грей говорит, что переход от двуполья к трехполью «позволил увеличить общую площадь пашни на одну шестую» (p. 76); Homans. English Villagers in the Thirteenth Century. P. 57; Duby. Op. cit. P. 22–23, 92–96; Miller, Hatcher. Op. cit. P. 88–97.

382 Ibid. P. 89–97 (о системе землепользования в целом); Homans. English Villagers in the Thirteenth Century. P. 54; Rowley. Medieval Field Systems // The English Medieval Landscape. P. 36–38.

383 Beresford Maurice. Studies in Leicestershire Agrarian History. London, 1949. P. 93.

384 E.M.R. P. 4.

385 Ibid. P. 34.

386 Ibid. P. 30.

387 Ibid. P. 3.

388 Miller, Hatcher. Op. cit. P. 99.

389 Ibid. P. 123.

390 E.M.R. P. XXX.

391 V.C.H. Hunts. Vol. 1. P. 75; Rot. Hund. P. 657.

392 Cart. Rames. Vol. 1. P. 323–324.

393 Raftis. The Estates of Ramsey Abbey. P. 194–195; Reynolds Robert R. Europe Emerges: Transition Toward an Industrial World-Wide Society, 600–1750. Madison, 1967. P. 132.

394 E.M.R. P. XXX.

395 Ibid. P. 4.

396 Ibid. P. 5.

397 Langdon. Agricultural Equipment // The Countryside of Medieval England. P. 96; Orwin C. S., Orwin C. S. Op. cit. P. 12; R. K. Field. Op. cit. P. 123–125.

398 Ault. Op. cit. P. 20; Miller, Hatcher. Op. cit. P. 154–155.

399 Trow-Smith. Op. cit. P. 69–70.

400 Butser Hill Ancient Farm Project; Ryder M. L. Livestock // The Agrarian History of England and Wales. Vol. 1. Pt. 1. P. 349; E.M.R. P. LIX; Trow-Smith. Op. cit. P. 123.

401 Ault. Op. cit. P. 23.

402 Ibid. P. 22; Orwin C. S., Orwin C. S. Op. cit. P. 33–35; Homans. English Villagers in the Thirteenth Century. P. 44–45.

403 Ault. Op. cit. P. 23.

404 Thirsk. Farming Techniques. P. 166; Walter of Henley. P. 19.

405 Ibid. P. 19; Raftis. Farming Techniques (East Midlands). P. 327.

406 E.M.R. P. 249; Dyer. Farming Techniques: the West Midlands // The Agrarian History of England and Wales. Vol. 2. P. 378.

407 Homans. English Villagers in the Thirteenth Century. P. 40.

408 Walter of Henley. P. 13; Raftis. Farming Techniques (East Midlands). P. 327.

409 Dyer. Lords and Peasants in a Changing Society. P. 69.

410 Walter of Henley. P. 15.

411 Maitland. Op. cit. P. 348.

412 Ault. Op. cit. P. 26–27.

413 Cart. Rames. Vol. 1. P. 311; E.M.R. P. 173; Homans. English Villagers in the Thirteenth Century. P. 269–270.

414 Cart. Rames. Vol. 1. P. 311.

415 Ibid. Vol. 1. P. 311, 336.

416 E.M.R. P. 30.

417 Ibid. P. 3.

418 Ibid. P. 69.

419 Cart. Rames. Vol. 1. P. 300.

420 Britton. Op. cit. P. 170–171; Hallam. Op. cit. P. 838.

421 Walter of Henley (Hosbonderie). P. 69.

422 Ault. Op. cit. P. 28.

423 Цит. по: Ibid. P. 31 (Commentary on the Laws of England. Vol. 3. P. 212, 1772).

424 Walter of Henley. P. 69; Homans. English Villagers in the Thirteenth Century. P. 103.

425 Hilton. A Medieval Society. P. 123.

426 Бродель Фернан. Материальная цивилизация, экономика и капитализм, XV–XVIII вв. Т. 1: Структуры повседневности: возможное и невозможное. М.: Прогресс, 1986. С. 139.

427 Ault. Op. cit. P. 29.

428 Walter of Henley (Seneschaucie). P. 99.

429 Ault. Op. cit. P. 42–43.

430 Langdon. Op. cit. P. 103.

431 Duby. Op. cit. P. 270; DuBoulay F. R. H. The Lordship of Canterbury. London, 1966. P. 12.

432 E.M.R. P. 92.

433 Langland. Piers Plowman’s Crede. P. 16–17.

434 Hilton. The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages. P. 102–103.

435 Ibid. P. 105.

436 Ibid. P. 97.

437 Trow-Smith. Op. cit. P. 129.

438 Ibid. P. 147.

439 Ibid. P. 159.

440 Thirsk. Farming Techniques. P. 187.

441 Miller, Hatcher. Op. cit. P. 217.

442 Walter of Henley (Hosbonderie). P. 76–77.

443 Trow-Smith. Op. cit. P. 128.

444 Ault. Op. cit. P. 48–49.

445 V.C.H. Hunts. P. 78.

446 Thirsk. Farming Techniques. P. 192–193.

447 Ault. Op. cit. P. 50.

448 Trow-Smith. Op. cit. P. 117, 121; Miller, Hatcher. Op. cit. P. 217.

449 Greig. Plant Resources // The Countryside of Medieval England. P. 121; E.M.R. P. 60.

450 Raftis. Farming Techniques (East Midlands). P. 338; Thirsk. Farming Techniques. P. 195.

451 Walter of Henley (Hosbonderie). P. 77.

452 Gies Joseph, Gies Frances. Life in a Medieval City, New York, 1969. P. 102–103.

453 E.M.R. P. 81.

454 Ibid. P. 303.

455 Cart. Rames. Vol. 1. P. 489–490.

456 E.M.R. P. 52.

457 Ibid. P. 96, 117.

458 Ibid. P. 260.

459 Ibid. P. 64, 111–112, 211.

460 Ibid. P. 13, 64.

461 Ibid. P. LVII.

462 Ibid. P. 5, 45.

463 Ibid. P. 66, 67, 138, 141, 171, 172.

464 Pirenne Henri. Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe. New York, 1937. P. 88.

465 Homans. English Villagers in the Thirteenth Century. P. 236; Raftis. Tenure and Mobility. P. 139.

466 E.M.R. P. 6–7.

467 Postan, Titow. Op. cit.

468 Mollat. Op. cit. P. 178.

469 Vinogradoff.