Трейси Манн - Секреты лаборатории питания: Наука похудения, мифы о силе воли и пользе диет

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«Weight Loss Does Not Lower Heart Disease Risk from Type 2 Diabetes», пресс-релиз, Национальные институты здравоохранения США, 2012, http://www.nih.gov/news/health/oct2012/niddk-19.htm.

204

J. Bruce Redmon et al., «Effect of the Look AHEAD Study Intervention on Medication Use and Related Cost to Treat Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes», Diabetes Care 33, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 1153–58, doi:10.2337/dc09-2090.

205

Сюда включены все исследования смертности, обобщенные Кэтрин Флегал.

206

Если вы в исследованиях используете метод случайной выборки, то вам не нужно волноваться о различиях между полными и стройными людьми, потому что благодаря случайной выборке состав группы оказывается однородным практически по всем аспектам. У участников обнаруживается сходство даже тех характеристик, о которых вы и не думали. И это принципиально важно. Как профессиональный ученый могу со всей убежденностью сказать, что в мире есть бесконечное множество нюансов, о которых я никогда не задумывалась.

207

J. J. Varo et al., «Distribution and Determinants of Sedentary Lifestyles in the European Union», International Journal of Epidemiology 32, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 138–46, doi:10.1093/ije/dyg116.

208

J. J. Varo et al., «Distribution and Determinants of Sedentary Lifestyles in the European Union», International Journal of Epidemiology 32, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 138–46, doi:10.1093/ije/dyg116.

209

Casazza et al., «Myths, Presumptions, and Facts about Obesity».

210

Phillipa Caudwell et al., «Exercise Alone Is Not Enough: Weight Loss Also Needs a Healthy (Mediterranean) Diet?», Public Health Nutrition 12, no. 9A (September 1, 2009): 1663–66, doi:10.1017/S1368980009990528.

211

Scott M. Grundy et al., «Clinical Management of Metabolic Syndrome: Report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute / American Diabetes Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Management», Circulation 109, no. 4 (February 3, 2004): 551–56, doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000112379.88385.67.

212

D. E. Thomas, E. J. Elliott, and G. A. Naughton, «Exercise for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus», Evidence-Based Nursing 10, no. 1 (2007): 11.

213

Balraj S. Heran et al., «Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation for Coronary Heart Disease», Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews no. 7 (January 2011): CD001800, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001800.pub2.

214

Paul D. Thompson et al., «Exercise and Physical Activity in the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity)», Circulation 107, no. 24 (June 24, 2003): 3109–16, doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000075572.40158.77.

215

Sean Carroll and Mike Dudfield, «What Is the Relationship between Exercise and Metabolic Abnormalities?», Sports Medicine 34, no. 6 (2004): 371–418, doi:10.2165/00007256-200434060-00004.

216

Martha L. Slattery and John D. Potter, «Physical Activity and Colon Cancer: Confounding or Interaction?», Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 34, no. 6 (June 2002): 913–19.

217

Rosalind A. Breslow et al., «Long-Term Recreational Physical Activity and Breast Cancer in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study», Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 805–8.

218

Casazza et al., «Myths, Presumptions, and Facts about Obesity»; Breslow et al., «Long-Term Recreational Physical Activity and Breast Cancer in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study»; Grundy et al., «Clinical Management of Metabolic Syndrome»; Thomas, Elliott, and Naughton, «Exercise for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus»; Caudwell et al., «Exercise Alone Is Not Enough».

219

S. N. Blair and T. S. Church, «The Fitness, Obesity, and Health Equation: Is Physical Activity the Common Denominator?», JAMA 292, no. 10 (2004): 1232–34, doi:10.1001/jama.292.10.1232; S. N. Blair and S. Brodney, «Effects of Physical Inactivity and Obesity on Morbidity and Mortality: Current Evidence and Research Issues», Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 31, no. 11 Suppl. (1999): S646–62; M. Fogelholm, «Physical Activity, Fitness and Fatness: Relations to Mortality, Morbidity and Disease Risk Factors: A Systematic Review», Obesity Reviews 11, no. 3 (2010): 202–21, doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00653.x; M. Wei et al., «Relationship between Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Mortality in Normal-Weight, Overweight, and Obese Men», JAMA 282, no. 16 (1999): 1547–53.

220

Paul McAuley et al., «Fitness and Fatness as Mortality Predictors in Healthy Older Men: The Veterans Exercise Testing Study», Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 64, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 695–99, doi:10.1093/gerona/gln039.

221

Caitlin Mason et al., «History of Weight Cycling Does Not Impede Future Weight Loss or Metabolic Improvements in Postmenopausal Women», Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 127–36, doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.06.012.

222

Nancy E. Adler and Joan M. Ostrove, «Socioeconomic Status and Health: What We Know and What We Don't», Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 896, no. 1 (December 6, 1999): 3–15, doi:10.1111/j.1749–6632.1999.tb08101.x.

223

M. G. Marmot, M. J. Shipley, and G. Rose, «Inequalities in Death – Specific Explanations of a General Pattern?», Lancet 1, no. 8384 (May 5, 1984): 1003–1006.

224

Adler and Ostrove, «Socioeconomic Status and Health».

225

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Healthy People 2020 (Washington, DC, 2010).

226

Для ознакомления с отличным обзором по теме см.: Karen A. Matthews and Linda C. Gallo, «Psychological Perspectives on Pathways Linking Socioeconomic Status and Physical Health», Annual Review of Psychology 62 (January 2011): 501–30, doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.031809.130711.

227

Bruce S. McEwen and Teresa Seeman, «Protective and Damaging Effects of Mediators of Stress: Elaborating and Testing the Concepts of Allostasis and Allostatic Load», Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 896, no. 1 (December 6, 1999): 30–47, doi:10.1111/j.1749–6632.1999.tb08103.x.

228

K. E. Pickett and M. Pearl, «Multilevel Analyses of Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Context and Health Outcomes: A Critical Review», Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 55, no. 2 (February 2001): 111–22.

229

Youfa Wang and May A. Beydoun, «The Obesity Epidemic in the United States – Gender, Age, Socioeconomic, Racial/Ethnic, and Geographic Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis», Epidemiologic Reviews 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 6–28, doi:10.1093/epirev/mxm007; J. Sobal and A. J. Stunkard, «Socioeconomic Status and Obesity: A Review of the Literature», Psychological Bulletin 105, no. 2 (1989): 260–75.

230

Jacob J. Feldman et al., «National Trends in Educational Differentials in Mortality», American Journal of Epidemiology 129, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 919–33; M. G. Marmot et al., «Health Inequalities among British Civil Servants: The Whitehall II Study», Lancet 337, no. 8754 (June 8, 1991): 1387–93; Marmot, Shipley, and Rose, «Inequalities in Death – Specific Explanations of a General Pattern?»; H. Bosma et al., «Low Control Beliefs, Classical Coronary Risk Factors, and Socio-Economic Differences in Heart Disease in Older Persons», Social Science & Medicine 60, no. 4 (2005): 737–45.

231

National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, «What Is Metabolic Syndrome?», Health Information for the Public, accessed November 5, 2013, http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/ms/.

232

Thais Coutinho et al., «Combining Body Mass Index with Measures of Central Obesity in the Assessment of Mortality in Subjects with Coronary Disease: Role of 'Normal Weight Central Obesity'», Journal of the American College of Cardiology 61, no. 5 (February 5, 2013): 553–60, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.10.035; Thais Coutinho et al., «Central Obesity and Survival in Subjects with Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Collaborative Analysis with Individual Subject Data», Journal of the American College of Cardiology 57, no. 19 (May 10, 2011): 1877–86, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.058; Halfdan Petursson et al., «Body Configuration as a Predictor of Mortality: Comparison of Five Anthropometric Measures in a 12 Year Follow-up of the Norwegian HUNT 2 Study», ed. Stefan Kiechl, PloS One 6, no. 10 (January 2011): e26621, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026621.

233

Coutinho et al., «Central Obesity and Survival in Subjects with Coronary Artery Disease».

234

Elizabeth A. Pascoe and Laura Smart Richman, «Perceived Discrimination and Health: A Meta-Analytic Review», Psychological Bulletin 135, no. 4 (2009): 531–54.

235

R. M. Puhl and C. A. Heuer, «The Stigma of Obesity: A Review and Update», Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 17, no. 5 (2009): 941–64, doi:10.1038/oby.2008.636.

236

Drew A. Anderson and Thomas A. Wadden, «Bariatric Surgery Patients' Views of Their Physicians' Weight-Related Attitudes and Practices», Obesity Research 12, no. 10 (October 2004): 1587–95, doi:10.1038/oby.2004.198.

237

Rebecca M. Puhl and Kelly D. Brownell, «Confronting and Coping with Weight Stigma: An Investigation of Overweight and Obese Adults», Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 14, no. 10 (October 2006): 1802–15, doi:10.1038/oby.2006.208.

238

N. K. Amy et al., «Barriers to Routine Gynecological Cancer Screening for White and African-American Obese Women», International Journal of Obesity 30, no. 1 (January 4, 2006): 147–55, doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803105.

239

G. D. Foster et al., «Primary Care Physicians' Attitudes about Obesity and Its Treatment», Obesity Research 11, no. 10 (2003): 1168–77, doi:10.1038/oby.2003.161.

240

M. B. Schwartz et al., «Weight Bias among Health Professionals Specializing in Obesity», Obesity Research 11, no. 9 (2003): 1033–39.

241

M. R. Hebl and J. Xu, «Weighing the Care: Physicians' Reactions to the Size of a Patient», International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 25, no. 8 (August 2001): 1246–52, doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801681.

242

Kimberly A. Gudzune et al., «Physicians Build Less Rapport with Obese Patients», Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 21, no. 10 (March 20, 2013): 2146–52, doi:10.1002/oby.20384.

243

David P. Miller et al., «Are Medical Students Aware of Their Anti-Obesity Bias?», Academic Medicine 88, no. 7 (July 2013): 978–82, doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e318294f817; Sean M. Phelan et al., «Implicit and Explicit Weight Bias in a National Sample of 4,732 Medical Students: The Medical Student CHANGES Study», Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) (2013), doi:10.1002/oby.20687.

244

Kimberly A. Gudzune et al., «Doctor Shopping by Overweight and Obese Patients Is Associated with Increased Healthcare Utilization», Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 21, no. 7 (July 2013): 1328–34, doi:10.1002/oby.20189.

245

T. Ostbye et al., «Associations between Obesity and Receipt of Screening Mammography, Papanicolaou Tests, and Influenza Vaccination: Results from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the Asset and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) Study», American Journal of Public Health 95, no. 9 (2005): 1623–30, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.047803; C. C. Wee et al., «Screening for Cervical and Breast Cancer: Is Obesity an Unrecognized Barrier to Preventive Care?», Annals of Internal Medicine 132, no. 9 (2000): 697–704.

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Ostbye et al., «Associations between Obesity and Receipt of Screening Mammography, Papanicolaou Tests, and Influenza Vaccination»; Wee et al., «Screening for Cervical and Breast Cancer».

247

Jeanne M. Ferrante et al., «Colorectal Cancer Screening among Obese Versus Non-Obese Patients in Primary Care Practices», Cancer Detection and Prevention 30, no. 5 (2006): 459–65; Allison B. Rosen and Eric C. Schneider, «Colorectal Cancer Screening Disparities Related to Obesity and Gender», Journal of General Internal Medicine 19, no. 4 (April 2004): 332–38, doi:10.1111/j.1525–1497.2004.30339.x.