Трейси Манн - Секреты лаборатории питания: Наука похудения, мифы о силе воли и пользе диет

299

Carol E. Cornell, Judith Rodin, and Harvey Weingarten, «Stimulus-Induced Eating When Satiated», Physiology & Behavior 45, no. 4 (1989): 695–704.

300

Если хотите вдохновиться на подобное, то существует видео, в котором повар и писательница Тамар Адлер за один раз моет и поджаривает огромное количество овощей, а потом кладет их в банки и убирает в холодильник, чтобы в течение недели съесть в сыром виде или пустить в готовку (лучше увидеть это своими глазами). Tamar E. Adler, «How to Stride Ahead: Part 2»,Tamareadler.com, 2011, http://www.tamareadler.com/2011/10/10/how-to-stride-ahead-part-2/.

301

Имеются в виду Джо Редден, Зата Викерс, Марла Рейкс и Элтон Майкерези, а также аспиранты: Стефания Элсберндт и Никки Миллер.

302

Подробнее об этих экспериментах см.: Joseph P. Redden et al., «The Effect of Juxtaposition on the Intake of Healthy Foods» (n.d.).

303

Solomon E. Asch, «Studies of Independence and Conformity: I. A Minority of One against a Unanimous Majority», Psychological Monographs: General and Applied 70, no. 9 (1956) 1–70.

304

Эксперимент воспроизводился более 100 раз в 17 разных странах. Подробнее см.: Rod Bond and Peter B. Smith, «Culture and Conformity: A Meta-Analysis of Studies Using Asch's (1952b, 1956) Line Judgment Task», Psychological Bulletin 119, no. 1 (1996): 111–37.

305

M. Sherif, «The Psychology of Social Norms» (Oxford, England: Harper, 1936).

306

Paul Rozin, «The Integration of Biological, Social, Cultural and Psychological Influences on Food Choice», in «The Psychology of Food Choice», ed. Richard Shepherd and Monique Raats (Oxfordshire, England: CABI, 2006), 19–40.

307

John M. de Castro and E. Marie Brewer, «The Amount Eaten in Meals by Humans Is a Power Function of the Number of People Present», Physiology & Behavior 51, no. 1 (1992): 121–25.

308

Там же; A. Ward and T. Mann, «Don't Mind If I Do: Disinhibited Eating Under Cognitive Load», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78, no. 4 (April 2000): 753–63.

309

Vanessa I. Clendenen, C. Peter Herman, and Janet Polivy, «Social Facilitation of Eating among Friends and Strangers», Appetite 23, no. 1 (1994): 1–13; Sarah-Jeanne Salvy et al., «Effects of Social Influence on Eating in Couples, Friends and Strangers», Appetite 49, no. 1 (July 2007): 92–99, doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.12.004.

310

De Castro and Brewer, «The Amount Eaten in Meals by Humans Is a Power Function of the Number of People Present».

311

Maryhope Howland, Jeffrey M. Hunger, and Traci Mann, «Friends Don't Let Friends Eat Cookies: Effects of Restrictive Eating Norms on Consumption among Friends», Appetite 59, no. 2 (October 2012): 505–9, doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.020.

312

Leon Festinger, «A Theory of Social Comparison Processes», Human Relations 7, no. 2 (1954): 117–40.

313

Noah J. Goldstein, Robert B. Cialdini, and Vladas Griskevicius, «A Room with a Viewpoint: Using Social Norms to Motivate Environmental Conservation in Hotels», Journal of Consumer Research 35, no. 3 (October 3, 2008): 472–82, doi:10.1086/586910.

314

Значимы и другие факторы, например выгодность или необходимость прикладывать усилия, но даже с их учетом можно выявить очевидные различия между странами. Eric J. Johnson and Daniel Goldstein, «Do Defaults Save Lives?», Science 302, no. 5649 (November 21, 2003): 1338–39, doi:10.1126/science.1091721.

315

Ervin Staub, «Instigation to Goodness: The Role of Social Norms and Interpersonal Influence», Journal of Social Issues 28, no. 3 (July 1972): 131–50, doi:10.1111/j.1540–4560.1972.tb00036.x.

316

Howland, Hunger, and Mann, «Friends Don't Let Friends Eat Cookies». Другие исследования также демонстрируют воздействие подразумеваемых норм на питание. См., например: Eric Robinson, Helen Benwell, and Suzanne Higgs, «Food Intake Norms Increase and Decrease Snack Food Intake in a Remote Confederate Study», Appetite 65 (2013): 20–24. Обзор можно найти в работе: Eric Robinson et al., "What Everyone Else Is Eating: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Informational Eating Norms on Eating Behavior", Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 114, no. 3 (2013): 414–29.

317

F. Marijn Stok et al., «Minority Talks: The Influence of Descriptive Social Norms on Fruit Intake», Psychology & Health 27, no. 8 (January 2012): 956–70, doi:10.1080/08870446.2011.635303.

318

Clayton Neighbors, Mary E. Larimer, and Melissa A. Lewis, «Targeting Misperceptions of Descriptive Drinking Norms: Efficacy of a Computer-Delivered Personalized Normative Feedback Intervention», Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72, no. 3 (June 2004): 434–47, doi:10.1037/0022-006X.72.3.434.

319

Elizabeth M. Condon, Mary Kay Crepinsek, and Mary Kay Fox, «School Meals: Types of Foods Offered to and Consumed by Children at Lunch and Breakfast», Journal of the American Dietetic Association 109, no. 2 (2009): S67–S78.

320

Я работала над этим проектом вместе с моими коллегами из Миннесотского университета, в число которых входили Марла Рейкс, Зата Викерс, Джо Редден и Элтон Майкерези. Marla Reicks et al., «Photographs in Lunch Tray Compartments and Vegetable Consumption among Children in Elementary School Cafeterias», JAMA 307, no. 8 (February 22, 2012): 784–85, doi:10.1001/jama.2012.170.

321

Marla Reicks et al., «Photographs in Lunch Tray Compartments and Vegetable Consumption among Children in Elementary School Cafeterias», JAMA 307, no. 8 (February 22, 2012): 784–85, doi:10.1001/jama.2012.170.

322

Классическим открытием когнитивной психологии является то, что испытуемые не могут запомнить расположение элементов на монетке. Raymond S. Nickerson and Marilyn Jager Adams, «Long-Term Memory for a Common Object», Cognitive Psychology 11, no. 3 (1979): 287–307.

323

Heather Barry Kappes and Patrick E. Shrout, «When Goal Sharing Produces Support That Is Not Caring», Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 37, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 662–73, doi:10.1177/0146167211399926.

324

Mary Ann Parris Stephens et al., «Spouses' Attempts to Regulate Day-to-Day Dietary Adherence among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes», Health Psychology 32, no. 10 (October 2013): 1029–37, doi:10.1037/a0030018; J. S. Tucker and J. S. Mueller, «Spouses' Social Control of Health Behaviors: Use and Effectiveness of Specific Strategies», Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26, no. 9 (November 1, 2000): 1120–30, doi:10.1177/01461672002611008.

325

Mary Ann Parris Stephens et al., «Spouses' Attempts to Regulate Day-to-Day Dietary Adherence among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes», Health Psychology 32, no. 10 (October 2013): 1029–37, doi:10.1037/a0030018; J. S. Tucker and J. S. Mueller, «Spouses' Social Control of Health Behaviors: Use and Effectiveness of Specific Strategies», Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26, no. 9 (November 1, 2000): 1120–30, doi:10.1177/01461672002611008.

326

Maryhope Howland and Jeffry A. Simpson, «Getting in Under the Radar. A Dyadic View of Invisible Support», Psychological Science 21, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 1878–85, doi:10.1177/0956797610388817.

327

Marci E. J. Gleason et al., «Daily Supportive Equity in Close Relationships», Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 29, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 1036–45, doi:10.1177/0146167203253473.

328

Классической работой в области социальной психологии по данной теме является: Lee Ross and Richard E. Nisbett, «The Person and the Situation» (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991). На той же концептуальной основе строится когнитивно-поведенческая терапия, о которой см.: David D. Burns, «Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy», rev. ed. (New York: William Morrow Paperbacks, 1999).

329

Brian Wansink, Koert van Ittersum, and James E. Painter, «How Descriptive Food Names Bias Sensory Perceptions in Restaurants», Food Quality and Preference 16, no. 5 (2005): 393–400.

330

Alia J. Crum et al., «Mind Over Milkshakes: Mindsets, Not Just Nutrients, Determine Ghrelin Response», Health Psychology 30, no. 4 (2011): 424–29.

331

Alia J. Crum et al., «Mind Over Milkshakes: Mindsets, Not Just Nutrients, Determine Ghrelin Response», Health Psychology 30, no. 4 (2011): 424–29.

332

Представлена информация о калорийности одного куска, т. е. одной шестой части пирога. «Bakers Square Restaurant and Bakery Nutritional Information», Bakerssquare.com, ссылка http://www.bakerssquare.com/files/nutrition.pdf была доступна 7 февраля 2014 г.

333

H.R. 3590, 111th Congress: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Public Law No. 111–148, www.GovTrack.us, 2010.

334

Kamila M. Kiszko et al., «The Influence of Calorie Labeling on Food Orders and Consumption: A Review of the Literature», Journal of Community Health (April 24, 2014), doi:10.1007/s10900-014-9876-0. См. также табл. 2 в работе: J. Krieger and B. E. Saelens, «Impact of Menu Labeling on Consumer Behavior: A 2008–2012 Update» (Minneapolis, MN, 2013).

335

Brian Elbel et al., «Calorie Labeling, Fast Food Purchasing and Restaurant Visits», Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) (October 17, 2013), doi:10.1002/oby.20550.

336

Sarah Campos, Juliana Doxey, and David Hammond, «Nutrition Labels on Pre-Packaged Foods: A Systematic Review», Public Health Nutrition 14, no. 8 (2011): 1496; Klaus G. Grunert and Josephine M. Wills, «A Review of European Research on Consumer Response to Nutrition Information on Food Labels», Journal of Public Health 15, no. 5 (April 14, 2007): 385–99, doi:10.1007/s10389-007-0101-9; Gill Cowburn and Lynn Stockley, «Consumer Understanding and Use of Nutrition Labelling: A Systematic Review», Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 1 (February 2005): 21–28.

337

Grunert and Wills, «A Review of European Research on Consumer Response to Nutrition Information on Food Labels»; Cowburn and Stockley, «Consumer Understanding and Use of Nutrition Labelling».

338

E. A. Wartella et al., «Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols: Promoting Healthier Choices: Phase II Report» (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, Institute of Medicine, 2011).

339

American Heart Association, «Heart Check Food Certification Program», 2014, http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HeartSmartShopping/Heart-Check-Program_UCM_300133_Article.jsp.

340

Christina A. Roberto et al., «Facts Up Front Versus Traffic Light Food Labels: A Randomized Controlled Trial», American Journal of Preventive Medicine 43, no. 2 (August 1, 2012): 134–41, doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.022.

341

Мы называем этот символ «галочкой» или «птичкой». «Heart Foundation Tick», Heart Foundation New Zealand, 2014, http://www.heartfoundation.org.nz/healthy-living/healthy-eating/heart-foundation-tick.

342

Ellis L. Vyth et al., «A Front-of-Pack Nutrition Logo: A Quantitative and Qualitative Process Evaluation in the Netherlands», Journal of Health Communication 14, no. 7 (January 2009): 631–45, doi:10.1080/10810730903204247; Gray Nathan, «Healthy Logo: Netherlands 'Choices' Logo Confirmed as First Government-Backed Scheme in EU», FoodNavigator.com, 2016, http://www.foodnavigator.com/Legislation/Healthy-logo-Netherlands-Choices-logo-confirmed-as-first-government-backed-scheme-in-EU.

343

Wartella et al., «Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols»; Roberto et al., «Facts Up Front Versus Traffic Light Food Labels».

344

Kelly D. Brownell and Jeffrey P. Koplan, «Front-of-Package Nutrition Labeling – An Abuse of Trust by the Food Industry?», New England Journal of Medicine 364, no. 25 (June 22, 2011): 2373–75, doi:10.1056/NEJMp1101033.

345

Изначально она называлась «Ключевые факторы питания». «GMA and FMI Select Agency Partners to Support $50 Million Nutrition Keys Consumer Education Campaign», FactsUpFront.org, 2011, http://www.factsupfront.org/Newsroom/5.