Мартин Форд - Роботы наступают
144
Nick Heath, «'Let's Try and Not Have a Human Do It': How One Facebook Techie Can Run 20,000 Servers», ZDNet, November 25, 2013, http://www.zdnet.com/lets-try-and-not-have-a-human-do-it-how-one-facebook-techie-can-run-20000-servers-7000023524.
145
Michael S. Rosenwald, «Cloud Centers Bring High-Tech Flash But Not Many Jobs to Beaten-Down Towns», Washington Post, November 24, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/cloud-centers-bring-high-tech-flash-but-not-many-jobs-to-beaten-down-towns/2011/11/08/gIQAccTQtN_print.html.
146
Quentin Hardy, «Active in Cloud, Amazon Reshapes Computing», New York Times, August 27, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/28/technology/active-in-cloud-amazon-reshapes-computing.html.
147
Mark Stevenson, An Optimist's Tour of the Future: One Curious Man Sets Out to Answer «What's Next?» (New York: Penguin Group, 2011), p. 101.
148
Michael Schmidt and Hod Lipson, «Distilling Free-Form Natural Laws from Experimental Data», Science 324 (April 3, 2009), http://creativemachines.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/Science09_Schmidt.pdf.
149
Stevenson, An Optimist's Tour of the Future, p. 104.
150
Пресс-релиз Национального научного фонда (National Science Foundation): «Maybe Robots Dream of Electric Sheep, But Can They Do Science?», April 2, 2009, http://www.nsf.gov/mobile/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=114495.
151
Asaf Shtull-Trauring, «An Israeli Professor's 'Eureqa' Moment», Haaretz, February 3, 2012, http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/an-israeli-professor-s-eureqa-moment-1.410881.
152
John R. Koza, «Human-Competitive Results Produced by Genetic Programming», Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines 11, nos. 3–4 (September 2010), http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1831232.
153
Сайт Джона Коза: http://www.genetic-programming.com/#_What_is_Genetic; см. также: http://eventful.com/events/john-r-koza-routine-human-competitive-machine-intelligence-/E0-001-000292572-0.
154
Lev Grossman, «2045: The Year Man Becomes Immortal», Time, February 10, 2011, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2048299,00.html.
155
Цит. по: Sylvia Smith, «Iamus: Is This the 21st Century's Answer to Mozart?», BBC News, January 2, 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20889644.
156
Цит. по: Kadim Shubber, «Artificial Artists: When Computers Become Creative». Wired Magazine — UK, August 13, 2007, http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-08/07/can-computers-be-creative/viewgallery/306906.
157
Shubber, «Artificial Artists: When Computers Become Creative».
158
«Bloomberg Bolsters Machine-Readable News Offering», The Trade, February 19, 2010, http://www.thetradenews.com/News/Operations_Technology/Market_data/Bloomberg_bolsters_machine-readable_news_offering.aspx.
159
Neil Johnson, Guannan Zhao, Eric Hunsader, Hong Qi, Nicholas Johnson, Jing Meng, and Brian Tivnan, «Abrupt Rise of New Machine Ecology Beyond Human Response Time», Nature, September 11, 2013, http://www.nature.com/srep/2013/130911/srep02627/full/srep02627.html.
160
Christopher Steiner, Automate This: How Algorithms Came to Rule Our World (New York: Portfolio/Penguin, 2012), pp. 116–120.
161
Max Raskin and Ilan Kolet, «Wall Street Jobs Plunge as Profits Soar: Chart of the Day», Bloomberg News, April 23, 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-24/wall-street-jobs-plunge-as-profits-soar-chart-of-the-day.html.
162
Steve Lohr, «David Ferrucci: Life After Watson», New York Times (Bits blog), May 6, 2013, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/06/david-ferrucci-life-after-watson/?_r=1.
163
Цит. по: Alan S. Blinder, «Offshoring: The Next Industrial Revolution?», Foreign Affairs, March/April 2006, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/61514/alan-s-blinder/offshoring-the-next-industrial-revolution.
164
Alan S. Blinder, «Free Trade's Great, but Offshoring Rattles Me», Washington Post, May 6, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/04/AR2007050402555.html.
165
Blinder, «Offshoring: The Next Industrial Revolution?»
166
Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne, «The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?», Oxford Martin School, Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology, September 17, 2013, p. 38, http://www.futuretech.ox.ac.uk/sites/futuretech.ox.ac.uk/files/The_Future_of_Employment_OMS_Working_Paper_1.pdf.
167
Alan S. Blinder, «On the Measurability of Offshorability», VOX, October 9, 2009, http://www.voxeu.org/article/twenty-five-percent-us-jobs-are-offshorable.
168
Keith Bradsher, «Chinese Graduates Say No Thanks to Factory Jobs», New York Times, January 24, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/25/business/as-graduates-rise-in-china-office-jobs-fail-to-keep-up.html; Keith Bradsher, «Faltering Economy in China Dims Job Prospects for Graduates», New York Times, June 16, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/17/business/global/faltering-economy-in-china-dims-job-prospects-for-graduates.html?pagewanted=all.
169
Eric Mack, «Google Has a 'Near Perfect' Universal Translator — for Portuguese, at Least», CNET News, July 28, 2013, http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-57595825-1/google-has-a-near-perfect-universal-translator-for-portuguese-at-least/.
170
Tyler Cowen, Average Is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation (New York: Dutton, 2013), p. 79.
171
John Markoff, «Armies of Expensive Lawyers, Replaced by Cheaper Software», New York Times, March 4, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/05/science/05legal.html.
172
Arin Greenwood, «Attorney at Blah», Washington City Paper, November 8, 2007, http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/articles/34054/attorney-at-blah.
173
Erin Geiger Smith, «Shocking? Temp Attorneys Must Review 80 Documents Per Hour», Business Insider, October 21, 2009, http://www.businessinsider.com/temp-attorney-told-to-review-80-documents-per-hour-2009-10.
174
Ian Ayres, Super Crunchers: Why Thinking in Numbers Is the New Way to Be Smart (New York: Bantam Books, 2007), p. 117.
175
«Peter Thiel's Graph of the Year», Washington Post (Wonkblog), December 30, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/12/30/peter-thiels-graph-of-the-year/.
176
Paul Beaudry, David A. Green, and Benjamin M. Sand, «The Great Reversal in the Demand for Skill and Cognitive Tasks», National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper No. 18901, issued in March 2013, http://www.nber.org/papers/w18901.
177
Hal Salzman, Daniel Kuehn, and B. Lindsay Lowell, «Guestworkers in the High-Skill U. S. Labor Market», Economic Policy Institute, April 24, 2013, http://www.epi.org/publication/bp359-guestworkers-high-skill-labor-market-analysis/.
178
Цит. по: Michael Fitzpatrick, «Computers Jump to the Head of the Class», New York Times, December 29, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/30/world/asia/computers-jump-to-the-head-of-the-class.html.
179
См. текст петиции: http://humanreaders.org/petition/.
180
Сообщение для СМИ на сайте Университета Акрона: «Man and Machine: Better Writers, Better Grades», April 12, 2012, http://www.uakron.edu/education/about-the-college/news-details.dot?newsId=40920394-9e62-415d-b038-15fe2e72a677&pageTitle=Recent%20Headlines&crumbTitle=Man%20and%20%20machine:%20Better%20writers,%20better%20grades.
181
Ry Rivard, «Humans Fight over Robo-Readers», Inside Higher Ed, March 15, 2013, http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/03/15/professors-odds-machine-graded-essays.
182
John Markoff, «Essay-Grading Software Offers Professors a Break», New York Times, April 4, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/05/science/new-test-for-computers-grading-essays-at-college-level.html.
183
John Markoff, «Virtual and Artificial, but 58,000 Want Course», New York Times, August 15, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/16/science/16stanford.html?_r=0.
184
См. подробнее о стэнфордском курсе по теории искусственного интеллекта: Max Chafkin, «Udacity's Sebastian Thrun, Godfather of Free Online Education, Changes Course», Fast Company, December 2013/January 2014, http://www.fastcompany.com/3021473/udacity-sebastian-thrun-uphill-climb; Jeffrey J. Selingo, College Unbound: The Future of Higher Education and What It Means for Students (New York: New Harvest, 2013), pp. 86-101; а также: Felix Salmon, «Udacity and the Future of Online Universities» (Reuters blog), January 23, 2012, http://blogs.reuters.com/felix-salmon/2012/01/23/udacity-and-the-future-of-online-universities/.
