Мартин Форд - Роботы наступают
105
См., например: Michael Kanellos, «With 3D Chips, Samsung Leaves Moore's Law Behind», Forbes.com, August 14, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelkanellos/2013/08/14/with-3d-chips-samsung-leaves-moores-law-behind; John Markoff, «Researchers Build a Working Carbon Nanotube Computer», New York Times, September 25, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/26/science/researchers-build-a-working-carbon-nanotube-computer.html?ref=johnmarkoff&_r=0.
106
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, «Report to the President and Congress: Designing a Digital Future: Federally Funded Research and Development in Networking and Information Technology», December 2010, p. 71, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-nitrd-report-2010.pdf.
107
James Fallows, «Why Is Software So Slow?», The Atlantic, August 14, 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/09/why-is-software-so-slow/309422/.
108
По расчетам популяризатора науки Джоя Касада, нейроны обмениваются сигналами со скоростью 150 м/с. Это намного медленнее скорости обмена сигналами в компьютерных чипах. См.: Joy Casad, «How Fast Is a Thought?», Examiner.com, August 20, 2009, http://www.examiner.com/article/how-fast-is-a-thought.
109
Пресс-релиз компании IBM: «IBM Research Creates New Foundation to Program SyNAPSE Chips», August 8, 2013, http://finance.yahoo.com/news/ibm-research-creates-foundation-program-040100103.html.
110
См., например, «Rise of the Machines», The Economist (Free Exchange blog), October 20, 2010, http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2010/10/technology.
111
Сайт Google Investor Relations: http://investor.google.com/financial/tables.html.
112
Исторические данные о General Motors см.: http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/snapshots/1979/563.html. В 1979 г. GM получила прибыль в размере $3,5 млрд, что соответствует приблизительно $11 млрд в ценах 2012 г.
113
Scott Timberg, «Jaron Lanier: The Internet Destroyed the Middle Class», Salon.com, May 12, 2013, http://www.salon.com/2013/05/12/jaron_lanier_the_internet_destroyed_the_middle_class/.
114
Данное видео доступно для просмотра на youtube.com: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wb2cI_gJUok; если ссылка не работает, наберите в строке поиска YouTube: «Man vs. Machine: Will Human Workers Become Obsolete?» Комментарий Курцвейла — на 5 мин. 40 сек.
115
Robert Jensen, «The Digital Provide: Information (Technology), Market Performance and Welfare in the South Indian Fisheries Sector», Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122, no. 3 (2007): 879−924.
116
Список публикаций о рыбаках Керала не так велик. См.: The Rational Optimist by Matt Ridley, A History of the World in 100 Objects by Neil MacGregor, The Mobile Wave by Michael Saylor, Race Against the Machine by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, Content Nation by John Blossom, Planet India by Mira Kamdar, «To Do with the Price of Fish», The Economist, May 10, 2007. Теперь он пополнился этой книгой.
117
David Carr, «The Robots Are Coming! Oh, They're Here», New York Times (Media Decoder blog), October 19, 2009, http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/19/the-robots-are-coming-oh-theyre-here.
118
Steven Levy, «Can an Algorithm Write a Better News Story Than a Human Reporter?», Wired, April 24, 2012, http://www.wired.com/2012/04/can-an-algorithm-write-a-better-news-story-than-a-human-reporter.
119
Адрес корпоративного сайта компании Narrative Science: http://narrativescience.com.
120
George Leef, «The Skills College Graduates Need», Pope Center for Education Policy, December 14, 2006, http://www.popecenter.org/commentaries/article.html?id=1770.
121
Kenneth Neil Cukier and Viktor Mayer-Schoenberger, «The Rise of Big Data», Foreign Affairs, May/June 2013, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139104/kenneth-neil-cukier-and-viktor-mayer-schoenberger/the-rise-of-big-data.
122
Thomas H. Davenport, Paul Barth, and Randy Bean, «How 'Big Data' Is Different», MIT Sloan Management Review, July 20, 2012, http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/how-big-data-is-different.
123
Charles Duhigg, «How Companies Learn Your Secrets», New York Times, February 16, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/magazine/shopping-habits.html.
124
Цит. по: Steven Levy, In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011), p. 64.
125
Tom Simonite, «Facebook Creates Software That Matches Faces Almost as Well as You Do», MIT Technology Review, March 17, 2014, http://www.technologyreview.com/news/525586/facebook-creates-software-that-matches-faces-almost-as-well-as-you-do/.
126
Цит. по: John Markoff, «Scientists See Promise in Deep-Learning Programs», New York Times, November 23, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/24/science/scientists-see-advances-in-deep-learning-a-part-of-artificial-intelligence.html.
127
Don Peck, «They're Watching You at Work», The Atlantic, December 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/12/theyre-watching-you-at-work/354681/.
128
Патент США № 8,589,407, «Automated Generation of Suggestions for Personalized Reactions in a Social Network», November 19, 2013, http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&S1=08589407&OS=PN/08589407&RS=PN/08589407.
129
Приведенные цифры были получены автором в ходе телефонного разговора с вице-президентом по маркетингу и стратегическому партнерству компании WorkFusion Адамом Девине 14.05.2014.
130
Этот случай описывается Стивеном Бейкером в его книге Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011), p. 20. Также рассказывает об ужине в мясном ресторане и Джон Келли в книге Smart Machines: IBM's Watson and the Era of Cognitive Computing (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013), p. 27. Однако в книге Бейкера указывается, что, по мнению ряда сотрудников IBM, идея создания компьютера, который мог бы сыграть в «Jeopardy!», родилась задолго до памятного ужина.
131
Rob High, «The Era of Cognitive Systems: An Inside Look at IBM Watson and How it Works», IBM Redbooks, 2012, p. 2, http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redpapers/pdfs/redp4955.pdf.
132
Baker, Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything, p. 30.
133
Baker, Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything, с. 9 и 26.
134
Baker, Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything, с. 68.
135
Baker, Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything, с. 68.
136
Baker, Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything, с. 78.
137
David Ferrucci, Eric Brown, Jennifer Chu-Carroll, James Fan, David Gondek, Aditya A. Kalyanpur, Adam Lally, J. William Murdock, Eric Nyberg, John Prager, Nico Schlaefer, and Chris Welty, «Building Watson: An Overview of the DeepQA Project», AI Magazine, Fall 2010, http://www.aaai.org/Magazine/Watson/watson.php.
138
Пресс-релиз компании IBM: «IBM Research Unveils Two New Watson Related Projects from Cleveland Clinic Collaboration», October 15, 2013, http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/42203.wss.
139
IBM Case Study: «IBM Watson/Fluid, Inc.», November 4, 2013, http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/watson/pdf/Fluid_case_study_11_4_2013.pdf.
140
«IBM Watson/MD Buyline, Inc.», IBM Case Study, November 4, 2013, http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/watson/pdf/MDB_case_study_11_4_2013.pdf.
141
Пресс-релиз IBM: «Citi and IBM Enter Exploratory Agreement on Use of Watson Technologies», March 5, 2012, http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/37029.wss.
142
Пресс-релиз IBM: «IBM Watson's Next Venture: Fueling New Era of Cognitive Apps Built in the Cloud by Developers», November 14, 2013, http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/42451.wss.
143
Quentin Hardy, «IBM to Announce More Powerful Watson via the Internet», New York Times, November 13, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/14/technology/ibm-to-announce-more-powerful-watson-via-the-internet.html?_r=0.
144
Nick Heath, «'Let's Try and Not Have a Human Do It': How One Facebook Techie Can Run 20,000 Servers», ZDNet, November 25, 2013, http://www.zdnet.com/lets-try-and-not-have-a-human-do-it-how-one-facebook-techie-can-run-20000-servers-7000023524.
