Карен Армстронг - Поля крови. Религия и история насилия
121
Lincoln, ‘War and Warriors’, p. 143
122
Georges Dumézil, The Destiny of the Warrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago and London, 1969), pp. 64–74
123
Илиада ХХ 490–494
124
Илиада ХХ: 495–503; Seth L. Schein, The Mortal Hero: An Introduction to Homer’s Iliad (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London), pp. 145–46
125
Lincoln, ‘Indo-European Religions’, p. 4
126
Dumézil, Destiny of the Warrior, pp. 106–07
127
Илиада IV 482–488
128
Одиссея XI 488–491. см.: английский перевод в: Walter Shewring, Homer: The Odyssey (Oxford and New York, 1980). [Перевод В. Жуковского. Цит. по: Гомер. Илиада, Одиссея. – М.: Художественная литература, 1967. – Прим. пер.]
129
James Mellaart, The Neolithic of the Near East (London, 1975), pp. 119, 167, 206–07; O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 74–81
130
J. N. Postgate, Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History (London, 1992), p. 251.
131
O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 132–42
132
Keegan, History of Warfare, pp. 130–31
133
John Romer, People of the Nile: Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt (New York, 1982), p. 115
134
Keegan, History of Warfare, pp. 133–35
135
Yigal Yadin, The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands, 2 vols (New York, 1963), I, pp. 134–35; Robert Adams, The Evolution of Urban Society: Early Mesopotamia and Prehispanic Mexico (Chicago, 1966), p. 149
136
Kramer, Sumerian Mythology, p. 123
137
Ibid., p. 120
138
Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, p. 108; ср. Carlo M. Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000–1700 (New York, 1976), pp. 129–30, 151
139
Robert L. O’Connell, Of Arms and Men: A History of War: Weapons and Aggression (New York, p. 38); Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 100–01; William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force and Society since AD 1000 (Chicago, 1982), pp. 2–3; Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, pp. 22–23; A. L. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia, pp. 153–54; Gwendolyn Leick, Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City (London, 2001), pp. 85–108
140
Joseph A. Schumpeter, Imperialism and Social Classes: Two Essays (New York, 1955), p. 25: Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London, 1974), p. 32. (Андерсон П. Родословная абсолютистского государства. – М.: Территория будущего, 2010.)
141
Anderson, Lineages, p. 31
142
Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, pp. 148–52
143
Marc Bloch, Feudal Society (Chicago, 1961), p. 298. (Блок М. Феодальное общество. – М.: Издательство имени Сабашниковых, 2003.)
144
Leick, Mesopotamia, p. 95. Морем «наверху» и морем «внизу» названы соответственно Средиземное море и Персидский залив
145
Ibid., p. 100
146
Кодекс Хаммурапи, введение. См. J. B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (Princeton, 1969), p. 164. [Цит. по: Хрестоматия по истории Древнего Востока. Ч. I / Под ред. М. А. Коростовцева, И. С. Кацнельсона, В. И. Кузищина. – М.: Высшая школа, 1980. – Прим. пер.]
147
См. F. C. Frensham, Social Justice in Ancient Israel and in the Ancient Near East (Minneapolis, 1995), p. 193
148
Кодекс Хаммурапи, заключение; выделено мной. см.: Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, p. 178
149
Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization (Chicago and London, 1974), 3 vols, 1, pp. 108–10
150
Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, pp. 105–06. Смысл и этимология слова «Акиту» не известны; Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’, p. 169
151
N. K. Sanders, ed. and trans., ‘The Babylonian Creation Hymn’, in Poems of Heaven and Hell from Ancient Mesopotamia (London, 1971), pp. 44–60
152
Jonathan Z. Smith, ‘A Pearl of Great Price and a Cargo of Yams: A Study in Situational Incongruity’, in Jonathan Z. Smith, Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago and London, 1982), pp. 90–96; Mircea Eliade, A History of Religious Ideas, trans. Willard R. Trask, 3 vols, (Chicago, 1978), 1, pp. 72–76; Sanders, ‘Babylonian Creation Hymn’, pp. 47–51
153
Smith, ‘Pearl of Great Price’, p. 91
154
Sanders, ‘Babylonian Creation’, p. 73. [Перевод. В. Афанасьевой. Цит. по: Я открою тебе сокровенное слово… – М.: Художественная литература, 1981. – Прим. пер.]
155
Ibid.
156
Ibid., p. 79
157
O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 141–42
158
Leick, Mesopotamia, pp. 198–216
159
A. K. Grayson, Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, 2 vols (Wiesbaden, 1972, 1976), 1, pp. 80–81
160
H. W. F. Saggs, The Might That Was Assyria (London, 1984), pp. 48–49; Дьяконов И. // Ancient Mesopotamia: Socio-economic history: A collection of studies by Soviet scholars. – Moscow, 1969, pp. 221–22
161
Grayson, Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, pp. 123–24
162
Saggs, Might That Was Assyria, p. 62
163
Ibid., p. 61
164
Песнь о невинном страдальце, 76. см.: Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’, pp. 212–14. [Перевод В. Шилейко. Цит. по: Ассиро-вавилонский эпос / Сост. В. В. Емельянов. – СПб.: Наука, 2007. – Прим пер.]
165
Ясна 46. Norman Cohn, Cosmos, Chaos and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith (New Haven and London, 1993), p. 77; Mary Boyce, Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd ed. (London and New York), p. xliii (Бойс М. Зороастрийцы. Верования и обычаи. – М.: Наука, 1987.); Peter Clark, Zoroastrians: An Introduction to an Ancient Faith (Brighton and Portland, Oreg., 1998), p. 19
166
Ясна 30
167
Boyce, Zoroastrians, pp. 23–24
168
Lincoln, ‘Warriors and Non-Herdsmen’, p. 153
169
Ясна 44
170
Lincoln, ‘Warriors and Non-Herdsmen’, p. 158
171
Jarrod L. Whitaker, Strong Arms and Drinking Strength: Masculinity, Violence and the Body in Ancient India (Oxford, 2011), pp. 152–53
172
Ригведа, III 32: 1–4, 9–11. см.: английский перевод: Ralph T. Griffith, The Rig Veda (London, 1992). [Перевод Т. Елизаренковой. Цит. по: Ригведа. Мандалы I–IV. – М.: Наука, 1999. – Прим. пер.]
173
Edwin Bryant, The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Debate (Oxford and New York, 2001); Colin Renfrew, The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins (London, 1987); Romila Thapar, Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2002), pp. 105–07
174
Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 3–5; Wendy Doniger, The Hindus: An Alternative History (Oxford, 2009), pp. 111–13.
175
Louis Renou, Religions of Ancient India (London, 1953), p. 20; Michael Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanishads’, in Gavin Flood, ed., Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Oxford, 2003), pp. 70–71; J. C. Heesterman, ‘Ritual, Revelation and the Axial Age’, in S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations (Albany, NY, 1986), p. 398
176
J. C. Heesterman, ‘Ritual, Revelation and the Axial Age’, pp. 396–98; Heesterman, The Inner Conflict of Tradition: Essays on Indian Ritual, Kingship and Society (Chicago and London, 1985), p. 206; John Keay, India: A History (London, 2000), pp. 31–33; Thapar, Early India, pp. 126–30
177
Ригведа, 1.32.5
178
Шатапатха Брахмана (ШБ), 6.8.11. см.: английский перевод в: J. C. Heesterman, The Broken World of Sacrifice: An Essay in Ancient Indian Religion (Chicago and London, 1993), p. 123
179
Ригведа, 8.16.1; 8.95.6; 10.38.4
180
Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 3–5; 16–23; Catherine Bell, Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice (New York, 1992), pp. 180–81, 221
181
Renou, Religions of Ancient India, p. 6; Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanishads’, p. 73
182
Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 115–17
183
Ср. Ригведа, 2.22.4
184
Ригведа, 3.31; 10.62.2
185
Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanishads’, p. 72
186
Doniger, Hindus, p. 114
187
Heesterman, ‘Ritual and Revelation, ’ p. 403
188
ШБ 7.1.1.1–4, см.: Mircea Eliade, The Myth of the Eternal Return or Cosmos and History, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, 1974), pp. 10–11
189
Майтраяни-самхита, 4.2.1.23.2; см.: Heesterman, Broken World, pp. 23–24; 134–37
190
ШБ 2.2.2.8–10; Heesterman, Broken World, p. 24
191
Georges Dumézil, The Destiny of the Warrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago and London, 1970), pp. 76–78
192
John H. Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New Brunswick and London, 1997), pp. 25–26
193
Whitaker, Strong Arms, p. 158
194
Louis Renou, ‘Sur la Notion de “brahman” ’, Journal Asiatique, 237 (1949); Jan Gonda, Change and Continuity in Indian Religion (The Hague, 1965), p. 200
195
Ригведа, 1.164.46. Гарутмант – это солнце
196
Ригведа, 10.129. 6–7
197
Jan Gonda, The Vision of the Vedic Poets (The Hague, 1963), p. 18
198
Renou, Religions of Ancient India, pp. 220–25; R. C. Zaehner, Hinduism (London, New York and Toronto, 1962), pp. 219–25
199
Ригведа, 10. 90
200
Ibid., 10.90. [Перевод Т. Елизаренковой. Цит. по: Ригведа. Мандалы IХ – X. – М.: Наука, 1999. – Прим. пер.]