Крымская война: история - Орландо Файджес

547

Boniface, Campagnes de Crimée, p. 336.

548

D. Noël, La Vie de bivouac: Lettres intimes (Paris, 1860), p. 254.

549

Liaskoronskii, Vospominaniia, pp. 23–4.

550

E. Gourdon, Histoire du Congrès de Paris (Paris, 1857), pp. 479–82.

551

W. Baumgart, The Peace of Paris 1856: Studies in War, Diplomacy and Peacemaking (Oxford, 1981), p. 104.

552

P. Schroeder, Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert (Ithaca, NY, 1972), p. 347; BLMD, Add. MS 48579, Palmerston to Clarendon, 25 Feb. 1856.

553

Schroeder, Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War, p. 348; W. Echard, Napoleon III and the Concert of Europe (Baton Rouge, La., 1983), p. 59.

554

FO 78/1170, Stratford Canning to Clarendon, 9 Jan. 1856; Baumgart, The Peace of Paris 1856, pp. 128–30.

555

Ibid., pp. 140–41; BLMD, Add. MS 48579, Palmerston to Clarendon, 4 Mar. 1856; M. Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity 1770–1861 (Princeton, 1955), p. 302.

556

Gourdon, Histoire, pp. 523–5.

557

RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5917, 11. 1–2; J. Herbé, Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient (Paris, 1892), p. 402; BLMD, Add. MS 48580, Palmerston to Clarendon, 24 Mar. 1856.

558

NAM 1968–07–380–65 (Codrington letter, 15 July 1856).

559

The Times, 26 July 1856.

560

RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5838, 11. 10–12; NAM 6807–375–16 (Vote of thanks to Codrington, undated).

561

M. Kozelsky, ‘Casualties of Conflict: Crimean Tatars during the Crimean War’, Slavic Review, 67/4 (2008), pp. 866–91.

562

M. Kozelsky, Christianizing Crimea: Shaping Sacred Space in the Russian Empire and Beyond (De Kalb, Ill., 2010), p. 153. For more on the statistics of the emigration, see A. Fisher, ‘Emigration of Muslims from the Russian Empire in the Years after the Crimean War’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 35/3 (1987), pp. 356–71. The highest recent estimate is ‘at least 300,000’, in J. McCarthy, Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims 1821–1922 (Princeton, 1995), p. 17.

563

Kozelsky, Christianizing Crimea, p. 151.

564

Ibid., p. 155; A. Fisher, Between Russians, Ottomans and Turks: Crimea and Crimean Tatars (Istanbul, 1998), p. 127.

565

BLMD, Add. MS 48580, Palmerston to Clarendon, 24 Mar. 1856.

566

FO 195/562, ‘Report on the Political and Military State of the Turkish Frontier in Asia’, 16 Nov. 1857; FO 97/424, Dickson to Russell, 17 Mar. 1864; Papers Respecting Settlement of Circassian Emigrants in Turkey, 1863–64 (London, 1864).

567

McCarthy, Death and Exile, pp. 35–6.

568

FO 78/1172, Stratford to Clarendon, 31 Jan. 1856; Journal de Constantinople, 4 Feb. 1856; Lady E. Hornby, Constantinople during the Crimean War (London, 1863), pp. 205–8; C. Badem, ‘The Ottomans and the Crimean War (1853–1856)’, Ph.D. diss. (Sabanci University, 2007), p. 290; D. Blaisdell, European Financial Control in the Ottoman Empire (New York, 1929), p. 74.

569

Badem, ‘The Ottomans’, pp. 291–2.

570

Ibid., pp. 281–3; R. Davison, ‘Turkish Attitudes Concerning Christian — Muslim Equality in the 19th Century’, American Historical Review, 59 (1953–4), pp. 862–3.

571

Ibid., p. 861.

572

FO 195/524, Finn to Clarendon, 10, 11, 14 and 29 Apr., 2 May, 6 June 1856; 13 Feb. 1857; E. Finn (ed.), Stirring Times, or, Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1853 to 1856, 2 vols. (London 1878), vol. 2, pp. 424–40.

573

Correspondence Respecting the Rights and Privileges of the Latin and Greek Churches in Turkey, 2 vols. (London, 1854–6), vol. 2, p. 119; FO 78/1171, Stratford to Porte, 23 Dec. 1856.

574

FO 195/524, Finn to Stratford, 22 July 1857; Finn, Stirring Times, vol. 2, pp. 448–9.

575

See H. Wood, ‘The Treaty of Paris and Turkey’s Status in International Law’, American Journal of International Law, 37/2 (Apr. 1943), pp. 262–74.

576

W. Mosse, The Rise and Fall of the Crimean System, 1855–1871: The Story of the Peace Settlement (London, 1963), p. 40.

577

BLMD, Add. MS 48580, Palmerston to Clarendon, 7 Aug. 1856; Mosse, The Rise and Fall, pp. 55 ff.

578

Ibid., p. 93.

579

G. Thurston, ‘The Italian War of 1859 and the Reorientation of Russian Foreign Policy’, Historical Journal, 20/1 (Mar. 1977), pp. 125–6.

580

C. Cavour, Il carteggio Cavour-Nigra dal 1858 al 1861: A cura della R. Commissione Editrice, 4 vols. (Bologna, 1926), vol. 1, p. 116.

581

Mosse, The Rise and Fall, p. 121.

582

K. Cook, ‘Russia, Austria and the Question of Italy, 1859–1862’, International History Review, 2/4 (Oct. 1980), pp. 542–65; FO 65/574, Napier to Russell, 13 Mar. 1861.

583

A. J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (Oxford, 1955), p. 85.

584

A. Tiutcheva, Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882 (Moscow,