Общественное животное: введение в социальную психологию - Эллиот Аронсон
103
Leishman, К. (1987, February). The Atlantic Monthly. Heterosexuals and AIDS, p. 44.
104
Williams, S.S., Kimble, D.L., Cowell, N.H., Weiss, L.H., Newton, K.J., Fisher, J.D., & Fisher, W.A. (1992). College students use implicit personality theory instead of safe sex. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 921–933.
105
Hirschom, M. (1987, April 29). AIDS not seen as a major threat by heterosexuals on campuses. Chronicle of Higher Education.
106
Aronson, E. (1989). Excuses, excuses, excuses: Why sexually active college students do not use condoms. Invited address, meeting of the Western Psychological Association, 1989.
107
Aronson, E. (1991). How to persuade sexually active college students to use condoms. Invited address, meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, California.
108
Nisbett, R., Borgida, E, Crandall, R., & Reed, Н. (1976). Popular introduction: Information is not always informative. In J.S. Carroll and J.W. Payne (Eds.), Cognition and social behavior. 227–236). Hilisdale, NJ: Eribaum. Nisbett, R., & Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgement. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Hamill, R., DeCamp Wllson, Т., & Nisbett, R. (1980). Insensiv-ity to sample bias: Generalizing from atypical cases. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 578–589. Шелли Тейлор, социальный психолог-когнитивист, утверждает, что эффект «яркости» не подтверждается большинством экспериментальных результатов. Обсуждение этой темы — см.: Taylor, S., & Thompson, S. (1982). Stalking the elusive «vividness» effect. Psychological Review, 89, 155–181.
109
Gonzales, M.H., Aronson, E., & Costanzo, M. (1988). Increasing the effectiveness of energy auditors: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 1049–1066.
110
Hovland, С., Lumsdain, A., & Sheffield, F. (1949). Experiments on mass communications. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
111
Miller, N., & Campbell, D. (1959). Recency and primacy in persuasion as a function of the timing of speeches and measurements. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59,1–9.
112
Zimbardo, P. (1960). Involvement and communication discrepancy as determinants of opinion conformity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60, 86–94.
113
Whittaker, J.O. (1963). Opinion change as a function of communication-attitude discrepancy. Psychological Reports, 13, 763–772.
114
Hovland, С., Harvey, O.J., & Sherif, M. (1957). Assimilation and contrast effects in reaction to communication and attitude change. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55,244–252.
115
Aronson, E., Turner, J., & Carlsmith, J.M. (1963). Communication credibility and communication discrepancy as determinants of opinion change. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67,31–36.
116
Zellner, M. (1970). Self-esteem, reception, and influenceability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 87–93.
117
Janis, I.J., Kaye, D., & Kirschner, P. (1965). Facilitating effects of «eating-while-reading» on responsiveness to persuasive communication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 181–186.
118
Hass, R.G., & Grady, K. (1975). Temporal delay, type of forewarning, and resistance to influence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, II, 459–469.
119
Freedman, J., & Sears, D. (1965). Warning, distraction, and resistance to influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 262–266.
120
Brehm, J. (1966). A Theory of Psychological Reactance. New York: Academic Press.
121
Bensley, L.S., & Wu, R. (1991). The role ofpsychological reactance in drinking following alcohol prevention messages. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 1111–1124.
122
Heilman, M. (1976). Oppositional behavior as a function of influence attempt intensity and retaliation threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 574–578.
123
Petty, R., & Cacioppo, J. (1977). Forewarning, cognitive responding, and resistance to persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 645–655.
124
Festinger, L., & Maccoby, N. (1964). On resistance to persuasive communications. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68, 359–366.
125
Sloan, L., Love,R., & Ostrom, T. (1974). Political heckling: Who really loses? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 518–525.
126
McGuire, W., & Papageorgis, D. (1961). The relative efficacy of various types of prior belief-defense in producing immunity against persuasion. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 327–337.
127
McAlister, A., Perry, С., Killen, J., Slinkard, L.A., & Maccoby, N. (1980). Pilot study of smoking, alcohol and drug abuse prevention. American Journal of Public Health, 70,719–721.
128
Pryor, В., & Steinfatt, W. (1978). The effects of initial belief level on inoculation theory and its proposed mechanisms. Human Communications Research, 4, 217–230.
129
Canon, L. (1964). Self-confidence and selective exposure to information. In L. Festinger (Ed.), Conflict, desision, and dissonance (pp. 83–96). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
130
TV violence for a new generation (1987). TV Monitor (p. 2). San Francisco: The Children’s Television Resource and Education Center.
131
Статистика взята из: Pratkanis, A.R., & Aronson, E. (1992). Age of propaganda: The everyday use and abuse of persuasion. New York: W.H. Freeman.
132
Liebert, R. (1975, July 16). Testimony before the Subcommittee on Communications of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.
133
San Francisco Chronicle, August 25, 1979, p. 15. San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, August 26, 1979, p. 2. San Jose Mercury-News, February II, 1982, p. A2.
134
Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorelli, N. (1986). Living with television:
