Анна Анастази - Дифференциальная психология. Индивидуальные и групповые различия в поведении
Исследования изолированных групп, например, детей с канальных судов, из горных местностей и цыган, выявляют возрастное уменьшение среднего показателя коэффициента интеллекта. Такое падение отчасти может происходить от изменений в характере функций, проверяемых в разном возрасте, и отчасти из растущего воздействия депривации в окружающей среде.
Сельско-городские сравнения в Америке и других странах показали последовательное превосходство городских субъектов. В этом случае различия также склонны увеличиваться с возрастом. Анализы тестовых оценок штатов или других крупных регионов указывают на первостепенную важность социально-экономических факторов, особенно образовательных расходов. Что касается селективной миграции, некоторые данные позволяют предположить наличие тенденции к интеллектуальному превосходству среди взрослых, переселяющихся из сельских в городские районы, однако дети семей переселенцев не превосходят тех, кто остается в сельской местности. Кроме того, тестовые оценки детей переселенцев возрастают с продолжительностью пребывания в городском сообществе.
Интеллектуальные различия между социальными классами и между регионами проявляют специфичность относительно проверяемых функций. Каждая субкультура способствует развитию собственного характерного типа способностей и личностных черт. Поэтому тесты, созданные в пределах одной субкультуры, благоприятствуют воспитанным в ней индивидам. Ни один тест не измеряет «интеллект» или «личностную адаптацию» в абстрактном смысле, но любой тест надо толковать относительно подтверждающих его критериев.
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