Эллиот Аронсон - Общественное животное. Введение в социальную психологию

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46. Aronson, E. (1991). How to persuade sexually active college students to use condoms. Invited address, meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, California.

47. Nisbett, R., Borgida, E, Crandall, R., amp; Reed, Н. (1976). Popular introduction: Information is not always informative. In J.S. Carroll and J.W. Payne (Eds.), Cognition and social behavior^. 227-236). Hilisdale, NJ: Eribaum. Nisbett, R., amp; Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgement. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Hamill, R., DeCamp Wllson, Т., amp; Nisbett, R. (1980). Insensiv-ity to sample bias: Generalizing from atypical cases. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 578-589. Шелли Тейлор, социальный психолог-когнитивист, утверждает, что эффект ‹яркости› не подтверждается большинством экспериментальных результатов. Обсуждение этой темы - см.: Taylor, S., amp; Thompson, S. (1982). Stalking the elusive ‹vividness› effect. Psychological Review, 89, 155-181.

48. Gonzales, M.H., Aronson, E., amp; Costanzo, M. (1988). Increasing the effectiveness of energy auditors: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 1049- 1066.

49. Hovland, С., Lumsdain, A., amp; Sheffield, F. (1949). Experiments on mass communications. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

50. Miller, N., amp; Campbell, D. (1959). Recency and primacy in persuasion as a function of the timing of speeches and measurements. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59,1-9.

51. Zimbardo, P. (1960). Involvement and communication discrepancy as determinants of opinion conformity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60, 86-94.

52. Whittaker, J.O. (1963). Opinion change as a function of communication-attitude discrepancy. Psychological Reports, 13, 763-772.

53. Hovland, С., Harvey, O.J., amp; Sherif, M. (1957). Assimilation and contrast effects in reaction to communication and attitude change. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55,244-252.

54. Aronson, E., Turner, J., amp; Carlsmith, J.M. (1963). Communication credibility and communication discrepancy as determinants of opinion change. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67,31-36.

55. Zellner, M. (1970). Self-esteem, reception, and influenceability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 87-93.

56. Janis, I.J., Kaye, D., amp; Kirschner, P. (1965). Facilitating effects of ‹eating-while-reading› on responsiveness to persuasive communication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 181-186.

57. Hass, R.G., amp; Grady, K. (1975). Temporal delay, type of forewarning, and resistance to influence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, II, 459-469.

58. Freedman, J., amp; Sears, D. (1965). Warning, distraction, and resistance to influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 262-266.

59. Brehm, J. (1966). A Theory of Psychological Reactance. New York: Academic Press.

60. Bensley, L.S., amp; Wu, R. (1991). The role ofpsychological reactance in drinking following alcohol prevention messages. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 1111-1124.

61. Heilman, M. (1976). Oppositional behavior as a function of influence attempt intensity and retaliation threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 574- 578.

62. Petty, R., amp; Cacioppo, J. (1977). Forewarning, cognitive responding, and resistance to persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 645-655.

63. Festinger, L., amp; Maccoby, N. (1964). On resistance to persuasive communications. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68, 359-366.

64. Sloan, L., Love,R., amp; Ostrom, T. (1974). Political heckling: Who really loses? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 518-525.

65. McGuire, W., amp; Papageorgis, D. (1961). The relative efficacy ofvarious types of prior belief-defense in producing immunity against persuasion. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 327-337.

66. McAlister, A., Perry, С., Killen, J., Slinkard, L.A., amp; Maccoby, N. (1980). Pilot study of smoking, alcohol and drug abuse prevention. American Journal of Public Health, 70,719-721.

67. Pryor, В., amp; Steinfatt, W. (1978). The effects of initial belief level on inoculation theory and its proposed mechanisms. Human Communications Research, 4, 217-230.

68. Canon, L. (1964). Self-confidence and selective exposure to information. In L. Festinger (Ed.), Conflict, desision, and dissonance (pp. 83-96). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

69. TV violence for a new generation (1987). TV Monitor (p. 2). San Francisco: The Children's Television Resource and Education Center.

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74. Цит. по: Newsweek, December 6, 1982, p. 140.

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76. Hennigan, K., Heath, L., Wharton, J.D., DelRosario, M., Cook, Т., amp; Colder, B. (1982). Impact of the introduction of television on crime in the United States: Empirical findings and theoretical implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 461-477.

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2. Именно в те времена возник обычай, согласно которому мужчина должен был идти так, чтобы ‹прикрывать› женщину от проезжей части улицы. В эпоху средневековья подобный обычай казался вполне осмысленным: сапоги мужчины, если их забрызгает грязью, было легче отчистить, чем платье женщины.

3. Panati, С. (1987). Extraordinary origins of everyday things. New York: Harper amp; Row.

4. Gilovich, T. (1991). How we know what isn 't so. New York: Free Press.

5. Bentham, J. (1876/1948). A fragment on government and an introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.Oxford: Blackwell.Pyc.nep, - Избранные сочинения Иеремии Бентама. Т. 1. Спб., Русская книжная торговля. 1867, Современную версию ‹калькуляции блага› - см.: Fishbein, M., amp;.А^еп, J. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

6. Kelley, H.H. (1967), Attribution theory in social psychology. In D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (Vol. 15, pp. 192-241). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Kelley, H.H. (1973). The process of causal attribution. American Psychologist, 28, 107-128.

7. Высказывается интересная мысль о том, что даже ученые не всегда мыслят как ученые, подпадая под действие тех предрассудков, которые описаны в данной главе. CM. Greenwald, A. G., Pratkanis, A. R., Leippe, M.R., amp; Baumgardner, M.H. (1986). Under what conditions does theory obstruct research process? Psychological Review, 93, 216-229.

8. Fiske, S. Т., amp; Taylor, S.E. (1991). Social cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

9. Bronowski, J. (1973). The ascent of man. Boston: Little, Brown, Co. Pratkanis, A.R., amp; Aronson, E. (1991). The age of propaganda: The everyday use and abuse of persuasion. New York: W.H. Freeman.

10. Pratkanis, A.R., Farquhar, P.H., Silbert, S., amp; Hearst, J. (1989). Decoys produce contrast effects and alter choice probabilities. University of California, Santa Cruz.

11. Kenrick, D. Т., amp; Guttieres, S.E. (1980). Contrast effects in judgements of attractiveness: When beauty becomes a social probern. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38,131-140.

12. Higgins, E.T., Rholes, W.S., amp; Jones, C.R. (1977). Category accessibility and impression formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 141-154.

13. Heath, L., Acklin, M., amp; Wiley, K. (1991). Cognitive heuristics and AIDS risk assessment among physicians. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1859- 1867.

14. Rogers, E.M., amp; Dearing, J. W. (1988), Agenda-setting research: Where has it been, Where is it going? In J.A. Anderson (Ed.), Communication Yearbook II (pp.

555-594). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

15. McCombs, M.E., amp; Shaw, D.L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36, 176-187.

16. lyengar, S., amp; Kinder, D.R. (1987). News that matters. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

17. Цит. по: Rogers and Dearing, Agenda-setting research.

18. Kahneman, D., amp; Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39,341-350.

19. Gonzales, M.H.,Aronson, E., amp; Costan^o, M. (1988). Increasing the effectiveness of energy auditors: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 1046- 1066.

20. Meyerowitz, В.E., amp; Chaiken, S. (1987). The effect of message framing on breast self-examination attitudes, intentions, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52,500-510.

21. Asch, S. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41,258-290.

22. Jones, E.E., Rock, L., Shaver, K.G., Goethals, G.R., amp; Ward, L.M. (1968). Pattern of performance and ability attribution: An unexpected primacy effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 317-340.

23. Aronson, J.M., amp; Jones, E.E. (1992). Inferring abilities after influencing performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 277-299.

24. Zukier, ff. (1982). The dilution effect: The role of the correlation and dispersion of predictor variables in the use of nondiagnostic information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43,1163-1174.

25. Nisbett, R., amp; Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgement. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Sherman, S.J., amp; Corty, E. (1984). Cognitive heuristics. In R.S.Wyer amp; T.K.Srull (Eds.), Handbook of Social Cognition (Vol. I, pp. 189-286), Hilisdale, NJ: Eribaum. Tversky, A., amp; Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1131.

26. ‹Which cereal for breakfast?› Consumer Reports, February 1981, pp. 68-75.

27. Сравнение основано на: ‹Eating to lower your blood cholesterol›. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 87-2920, September 1987. Было показано, что насыщенные жирные кислоты - те, что содержатся в мясе животных и отдельных видах растительных жиров (в кокосовом, шоколадном, пальмовом и во всех гидрированных маслах), повышают уровень холестерола. Изготовители хлопьев иногда используют подобные жиры в своих продуктах - особенно кокосовое, пальмовое и гидрированные масла. Чтобы исключить их, многие производители хлопьев в настоящее время заняты изменением состава своих продуктов - так что, перед тем как принять окончательное решение, какой именно сорт покупать, внимательно ознакомьтесь с тем, что написано на коробке.

28. Nisbett amp; Ross (1980); Shweder, R. (1977). Likeness and likelihood in everyday thought: Magical thinking in judgments about personality. Current Anthropology, 18, 637-658.

29. Pratkanis, A.R. (1989). The cognitive representation of attitudes. In A.R. Pratkanis, S.J. Bleckler, amp; A.G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 71-98). Hilisdale, NJ: Eribaum. Pratkanis, A.R., amp; Greenwald, A.G. (1989). A socio-cognitive model of attitude structure and function. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 22, pp. 245-285). New York: Academic Press.