Юваль Харари - Homo Deus. Краткая история будущего

22

Roey Tzezana, The Guide to the Future [in Hebrew] (Haifa: Roey Tzezana, 2013), 209–233.

23

Azar Gat, War in Human Civilization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 130–131; Steven Pinker, Te Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking, 2011); Joshua S. Goldstein, Winning the War on War: Te Decline of Armed Confict Worldwide (New York: Dutton, 2011); Robert S. Walker and Drew H. Bailey, ‘Body Counts in Lowland South American Violence’, Evolution and Human Behavior 34:1 (2013), 29–34; I. J. N. Torpe, ‘Anthropology, Archaeology, and the Origin of Warfare’, World Archaology 35:1 (2003), 145–165; Raymond C. Kelly, Warless Societies and the Origin of War (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000); Lawrence H. Keeley, War before Civilization: Te Myth of the Peaceful Savage (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996); Slavomil Vencl, ‘Stone Age Warfare’, in Ancient Warfare: Archaeological Perspectives, ed. John Carman and Anthony Harding (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1999), 57–73.

24

‘Global Health Observatory Data Repository, 2012’, World Health Organization, accessed 16 August 2015, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/nodemain.RCODWORLD?lang=en; ‘Global Study on Homicide, 2013’, UNDOC, accessed 16 August 2015, http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_ GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf; http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html.

25

Van Reybrouck, Congo, 456–457.

26

Подробнее о смертельно опасном ожирении см.: ‘Global Burden of Disease, Injuries and Risk Factors Study 2013’, Lancet, 18 December 2014, accessed 18 December 2014, http://www.thelancet.com/themed/global-burden-of-disease; Stephen Adams, ‘Obesity Killing Tree Times As Many As Malnutrition’, Telegraph, 13 December 2012, accessed 18 December 2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9742960/Obesity-killing-three-times-as-many-as-malnutrition.html. Deaths from terrorism: Global Terrorism Database, http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/,accessed16January2016.

27

Arion McNicoll, ‘How Google’s Calico Aims to Fight Aging and “Solve Death”’, CNN, 3 October 2013, accessed 19 December 2014, http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/03/tech/innovation/google-calico-aging-death/.

28

Katrina Brooker, ‘Google Ventures and the Search for Immortality’, Bloomberg, 9 March 2015, accessed 15 April 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/201503–09/google-ventures-bill-maris-investing-in-idea-of-living-to-500.

29

Mick Brown, ‘Peter Thiel: The Billionaire Tech Entrepreneur on a Mission to Cheat Death’, Telegraph, 19 September 2014, accessed 19 December 2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/11098971/Peter-Tiel-the-billionaire-tech-entrepreneur-on-a-mission-to-cheat-death.html.

30

Kim Hill et al., ‘Mortality Rates among Wild Chimpanzees’, Journal of Human Evolution 40:5 (2001): 437–450; James G. Herndon, ‘Brain Weight Throughout the Life Span of the Chimpanzee’, Journal of Comparative Neurology 409 (1999): 567–572.

31

Сооснователи корпорации Google.

32

Beatrice Scheubel, Bismarck’s Institutions: A Historical Perspective on the Social Security Hypothesis (Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013); E. P. Hannock, Te Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

33

‘Mental Health: Age Standardized Suicide Rates (per 100 000 Population), 2012’, World Health Organization, accessed 28 December 2014, http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/mental_health/suicide_rates/atlas.html.

34

Ian Morris, Why the West Rules – For Now (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2010), 626–629.

35

David G. Myers, ‘The Funds, Friends, and Faith of Happy People’, American Psychologist 55:1 (2000), 61; Ronald Inglehart et al., ‘Development, Freedom, and Rising Happiness: A Global Perspective (1981–2007)’, Perspectives on Psychological Science 3:4 (2008), 264–285. See also Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, ‘If We Are So Rich, Why Aren’t We Happy?’, American Psychologist 54:10 (1999), 821–827; Gregg Easterbrook, Te Progress Paradox:

How Life Gets Better While People Feel Worse (New York: Random House, 2003).

36

Kenji Suzuki, ‘Are They Frigid to the Economic Development? Reconsideration of the Economic Efect on Subjective Well-being in Japan’, Social Indicators Research 92:1 (2009), 81–89; Richard A. Easterlin, ‘Will Raising the Incomes of all Increase the Happiness of All?’, Journal of Economic Bheavior and Organization 27:1 (1995), 35–47; Richard A. Easterlin, ‘Diminishing Marginal Utility of Income? Caveat Emptor’, Social Indicators Research 70:3 (2005), 243–255.

37

Linda C. Raeder, John Stuart Mill and the Religion of Humanity (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002).

38

Oliver Turnbull and Mark Solms, Te Brain and the Inner World [in Hebrew] (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2005), 92–96; Kent C. Berridge and Morten L. Kringelbach, ‘Afective Neuroscience of Pleasure: Reward in Humans and Animals’, Psychopharmacology 199 (2008), 457–480; Morten L. Kringelbach, Te Pleasure Center: Trust Your Animal Instincts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

39

M. Csikszentmihalyi, Finding Flow: Te Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life (New York: Basic Books, 1997).

40

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html, accessed 4 January 2016; Sarah Harris, ‘Number of Children Given Drugs for ADHD Up Ninefold with Patients As Young As Three Being Prescribed Ritalin’, Daily Mail, 28 June 2013, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2351427/Number-children-given-drugs-ADHD-ninefold-patients-young-THREE-prescribed-Ritalin.html, accessed 4 January 2016; International Narcotics Control Board (UN), Psychotropics Substances, Statistics for 2013, Assessments of Annual Medical and Scientifc Requirements 2014, 39–40.

41

Убедительных доказательств того, что учащиеся злоупотребляют подобными препаратами, на данный момент не существует, однако проведенное в 2013 г. исследование показало: от 5 до 15 % студентов американских колледжей по меньшей мере раз в жизни принимали не прописанные врачом стимуляторы. См.: C. Ian Ragan, Imre Bard and Ilina Singh, ‘What Should We Do about Student Use of Cognitive Enhancers? An Analysis of Current Evidence’, Neuropharmacology 64 (2013), 589.

42

Bradley J. Partridge, ‘Smart Drugs “A s Common as Cofee”: Media Hype about Neuroenhancement’, PLoS One 6:11 (2011), e28416.

43

Office of the Chief of Public Affairs Press Release, ‘Army, Health Promotion Risk Reduction Suicide PreventionReport, 2010’, accessed 23 December 2014, http://csf2.army.mil/downloads/HP-RR-SPReport2010.pdf; Mark Thompson, ‘America’s Medicated Army’, Time, 5 June 2008, accessed 19 December 2014, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1812055,00.html; Ofce of the Surgeon Multi-National Force-Iraq and Ofce of the Command Surgeon, ‘Mental Health Advisory Team (MHAT) V Operation Iraqi Freedom 06–08: Iraq Operation Enduring Freedom 8: Afghanistan’, 14 February 2008, accessed 23 December 2014, http://www.careforthetroops.org/reports/Report-MHATV-4–FEB-2008Overview.pdf.

44

Tina L. Dorsey, ‘Drugs and Crime Facts’, US Department of Justice, accessed 20 February 2015, http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/dcf.pdf; H. C. West, W. J. Sabol and S. J. Greenman, ‘Prisoners in 2009’, US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin (December 2010), 1–38; ‘Drugs And Crime Facts: Drug use and Crime’, US Department of Justice, accessed 19 December 2014, http://www.bjs.gov/content/dcf/duc.cfm; ‘Ofender Management Statistics Bulletin, July to September 2014’, UK Ministry of Justice, 29 January 2015, accessed 20 February 2015, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/ofender-management-statistics-quarterly-july-to-september-2014.; Mirian Lights et al., ‘Gender Diferences in Substance Misuse and Mental Health amongst Prisoners’, UK Ministry of Justice, 2013, accessed 20 February 2015, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/fle/220060/gender-substance-misuse-mental-health-prisoners.pdf; Jason Payne and Antonette Gafney, ‘How Much Crime is Drug or Alcohol Related? Self-Reported Attributions of Police Detainees’, Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice 439 (2012), http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi439.pdf, accessed 11 March 2015; Philippe Robert, ‘Te French Criminal Justice System’, in Punishment in Europe: A Critical Anatomy of Penal Systems, ed. Vincenzo Ruggiero and Mick Ryan (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 116.

45

Betsy Isaacson, ‘Mind Control: How EEG Devices Will Read Your Brain Waves And Change Your World’, Hufngton Post, 20 November 2014, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.hufngtonpost.com/2012/11/20/mind-control-how-eeg-devices-read-brainwaves_n_2001431.html; ‘EPOC Headset’, Emotiv, http://emotiv.com/store/epoc-detail/; ‘Biosensor Innovation to Power Breakthrough Wearable Technologies Today and Tomorrow’, NeuroSky, http://neurosky.com/.

46

Samantha Payne, ‘Stockholm: Members of Epicenter Workspace Are Using Microchip Implants to Open Doors’, International Business Times, 31 January 2015, accessed 9 August 2015, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/stockholm-ofce-workers-epicenter-implanted-microchips-pay-their-lunch-1486045.

47

Дейта, Кирк – персонажи научно-фантастического телесериала «Звездный путь». – Здесь и далее, за исключением особо оговоренных случаев, прим. перев.

48

NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation) – американская биржа, специализирующаяся на акциях высокотехнологичных компаний (производство электроники, программного обеспечения и т. п.).

49

Meika Loe, Te Rise of Viagra: How the Little Blue Pill Changed Sex in America (New York: New York University Press, 2004).

50

Brian Morgan, ‘Saints and Sinners: Sir Harold Gillies’, Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 95:6 (2013), 204–205; Donald W. Buck II, ‘A Link to Gillies: One Surgeon’s Quest to Uncover His Surgical Roots’, Annals of Plastic Surgery 68:1 (2012), 1–4.

51

Paolo Santoni-Rugio, A History of Plastic Surgery (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2007); P. Niclas Broer, Steven M. Levine and Sabrina Juran, ‘Plastic Surgery: Quo Vadis? Current Trends and Future Projections of Aesthetic Plastic Surgical Procedures in the United States’, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 133:3 (2014): 293e–302e.

52

Евгеника (от др.-греч. εὐγενής – «хорошего рода, благородный») – учение о селекции применительно к человеку, а также о путях улучшения его наследственных свойств.

53

В пробирке (лат.).

54

Holly Firfer, ‘How Far Will Couples Go to Conceive?’, CNN, 17 June 2004, accessed 3 May 2015, http://edition.cnn.com/2004/HEALTH/03/12/infertility.treatment/index.html?iref=allsearch.

55

Rowena Mason and Hannah Devlin, ‘MPs Vote in Favour of “Three-Person Embryo” Law’, Guardian, 3 February 2015, accessed 3 May 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/feb/03/mps-vote-favour-three-person-embryo-law.

56

Этот слоган предвыборной кампании Билла Клинтона был придуман его политическим советником Джеймсом Карвиллом.

57

Новое время (или Новая история) – условное историческое понятие, обозначающее период истории человечества, следующий за Средневековьем.

58

Lionel S. Smith and Mark D. E. Fellowes, ‘Towards a Lawn without Grass: Te Journey of the Imperfect Lawn and Its Analogues’, Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscape 33:3 (2013), 158–159; John Dixon Hunt and Peter Willis, ed., Te Genius of the Place: Te English Landscape Garden 1620–1820, 5th edn (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), 1–45; Anne Helmriech, Te English Garden and National Identity: Te Competing Styles of Garden Design 1870–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 1–6.

59

Фавелы – трущобы в городах Бразилии, часто расположенные на склонах гор.