Филлип Найтли - Шпионы XX века

(32) David Kahn, 'Codebreaking in World Wars I and II', Historical Journal, vol. 23 no. 3 (1980), p. 624.

(33) Hodges, Alan Turing, p. 261.

(34) Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra, p. 85.

(35) Kahn, 'Codebreaking', p. 624.

(36) His obituary in The Times. 31 August 1971 .

(37) See James Rusbridger, 'The Sinking of the Automedon, the Capture of the Nankin, Encounter, May 1985.

(38) Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra, p. 94.

(39) Respectively: Nicholson in interview with author, 1967; Thomas O'Toole, 'World War II – Some Additional Postscripts Come to Light', International Herald Tribune (Paris), 14 September 1978; and interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(40) Waldemar Werther, as reported in Rohwer and Jackel, Funkaufklarung, p. 65.

(41) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 3, BBC Radio 4, 27 January 1982 .

(1) John Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1975), p. 89.

(2) ibid

(3) See M Toscano, Designs in Diplomacy (Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins Press, 1970), pp. 406 – 10.

(4) Skardon in interview with Leitch, 1980.

(5) Robert Cecil, 'The Cambridge Comintern', in C. Andrew and D. Dilks (eds). The Missing Dimension (London: Macmillan, 1984), p. 181.

(6) Cecil, ' Cambridge Comintern', p. 181.

(7) Gordon Brook-Shepherd, The Storm Petrels (London: Collins, 1977), pp. 172 – 5.

(8) Cecil, ' Cambridge Comintern', pp. 181 – 2.

(9) Geoffrey McDermott in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(10) Letter from Liddell of Ml 5 to Johnson of American Embassy, 26 December 1940 , US National Archives, Washington DC .

(11) Private letter to Page, Leitch and Knightley, 3 August 1967 .

(12) Bruce Page, 'The Endless Quest for Supermole', New Statesman, 21 September 1979 , p. 414.

(13) M. Sayle, 'Conversations with Philby', Sunday Times, 17 December 1967 .

(14) Page, Leitch and Knightley, Philby, p. 51.

(15) Philby, My Silent War. p. xviii.

(16) Letter to Harold Nicholson, undated.

(17) Nigel Wade, 'Soviet Press Praises Philby', Sunday Telegraph, 10 August 1980.

(18) Sayle, 'Conversations with Philby', cit. at n. 13.

(19) Cesil, 'Cambridge Comintern', p. 19.

(20) Toscano, Designs in Diplomacy, p. 409.

(21) Letter from Philby to author, 18 February 1974.

(22) Cecil, 'Cambridge Comintern', p. 175.

(23) See Chalmers Johnson, An Instance of Treason (Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1977).

(24) C. Johnson, Treason, p. 154.

(25) ibid., p. 154.

(26) Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, p. 239.

(27) Heinrich Haape, quoted in Desmond Flower and James Reeves (eds), The war 1939 – 1945. vol. 1 (London: Panther, 1967). p. 339.

(28) C. Johnson, Treuson. p. 18.

(29) ibid., p. 159.

(30) ibid., p. 172.

(31) Reported by the Associated Press in the Japan Times, 17 March 1975.

(32) Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, p. 54.

(33) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, pp. 435 – 6.

(34) Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, p. 58.

(35) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, pp. 443-4.

(36) Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, p. 75.

(37) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, pp. 480 – 2.

(38) Philby, My Silent War, pp. 44 – 5.

(39) Bentley in interview with Page. Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(40) Philby, My Silent War, p. 61.

(41) Evidence of Petrov to the Australian Royal Commission, 1955, quoted in Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 216

(42) Alexander Foote, Handbook for Spies (London: Museum Press, 1949), p. 81.

(43) See, for example: Anthony Read and David Fisher Operation Lucy (London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1980); Chapman Pincher, Their Trade Is Treachery (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1981); Richard Deacon, A History of the British Secret Service (New York: Taplinger, 1970); and Constantine Fitzgibbon, Secret Intelligence in the 20th Century (London: Granada, 1978).

(44) Letter from Hinsley to author, 25 April 1984 .

(45) Hinsley, Britich Intelligence, vol. 2, pp. 69 – 70.

(46) Respectively: Deacon, British Secret Service, p. 366; Read and Fisher, Operation Lucy, dustjacket; and Foote, Handbook for Spies, p. 82.

(47) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 2, p. 60.

(48) See Ruth Werner (pseudonym for Kuczynski). Sonjas Rapport (East Berlin: Verlag Neues Leben, 1977); and A. Terry, 'The Housewife who Spied for Russia ', Sunday Times, 27 January 1980 .

(49) Cable, Foreign Office to Ambassador, Algiers , 6 April 1944 , Eden Papers, SOE/44/17/192, Birmingham University .

(50) Cecil, ' Cambridge Comintern', p. 179.

(51) Kuczynski in interview with Anthony Terry, for author, 17 January 1980 .

(52) ibid.

(53) Oldfield in interview with author, 13 July 1979 .

(54) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, p. 441.

(1) R. J. Jeffreys-Jones, Eagle against Empire. United States Opposition to European Imperialism 1898 – 1981 (Aix-en-Provence: European Association for American Studies, 1983), p. 61.

(2) Jeffrey M. Dorwart, 'The Roosevelt – Astor Espionage Ring', New York History (July 1981), p. 309.

(3) ibid., p. 317.

(4) ibid.

(5) B. Smith. Shadow Warriors, p. 63; and Dorwart 'Roosevelt-Astor Espionage', p. 321.

(6) R. J. Jeffreys-Jones, 'History on Trial: a Critique of the CIA and its Critics', p. 3. Paper delivered at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Catholic University of America, Washington DC, 4 – 6 August 1983.

(7) New York Times. 1 December 1938.

(8) West, MI6, pp. 202 – 3.

(9) Corson, Armies of Ignorance, p. 114; and Anthony Cave Brown. The Last Hero: Wild Bill Donovan (New York: Times Books, 1982), p. 153.

(10) Phillip Knightley, The First Casualty (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), p. 237.

(11) West, MI6. p. 204.

(12) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 156.

(13) ibid., p. 168.

(14) ibid., p. 169; and B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, pp. 68 – 9.

(15) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 170.

(16) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, p. 21.

(17) ibid., pp. 38 – 9.

(18) Peter and Leni Gillman, Collar the Lot! (London: Quartet, 1980), p. 85.

(19) ibid., p. 108.

(20) ibid., p. 77.

(21) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, p. 22.

(22) Professor Margaret Gowing, British Atomic Energy Authority official historian, interview with author, 1984.

(23) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, pp. 100 – 5.

(24) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 182.

(25) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, p. 104.

(26) Cave Brown, Last Hero, pp. 226, 233 – 4; and B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, p. 117.

(27) Cave Brown, Last Hero, pp. 306 – 7.

(28) See Timothy P. Mulligan, 'According to Colonel Donovan: a Document from the Records of German Military Intelligence', The Historian, November 1983, pp. 78 – 86.

(29) Cave Brown, Last Hero. pp. 306 – 8.

(30) ibid., pp. 315 – 16.

(31) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 593.

(32) Weitz in interview with author, 14 September 1984 .

(33) Kirkpatrick in interview with David Leitch, on behalf of author, 1979.

(34) R. Harris Smith, OSS (Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, 1972), p. 185.

(35) ibid., p. 9.

(36) Edmond Taylor , Awakening from History (Boston, Mass.: Gambit, 1969), pp. 350 – 1.

(37) Lyman Kirkpatrick, The Real CIA (New York: Macmillan, 1968), p. 24.

(38) Malcolm Muggeridge, 'Book Review of a Very Limited Edition', Esquire, May 1966, p. 84.

(39) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 2, p. 53.

(40) Stafford , Britain and European Resistance, p. 90.

(41) Edmond Taylor , Richer by Asia (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1947) pp. 225 – 7.

(42) Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular, p. 252.

(43) Respectively: interview with Leitch, September 1979; and R. Smith, OSS , p. 34.

(44) Taylor , Richer by Asia , p. 233.

(45) R. Smith, OSS , pp. 289-90.

(46) Respectively: R. Smith, OSS , p. 286; Cave Brown, Last Hero. p. 625; ibid., p. 644; and Kerby in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(47) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 609.

(48) R. Smith, OSS , p. 27.

(49) Letter from Philby to author, 1978.

(50) Respectively: Michael Howard, 'The Black Record of the Anglo-Saxons'. Sunday Times, 26 January 1978 ; and R. Smith. OSS , p. 354.

(51) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 645 – 8.

(52) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, pp. 339 – 48; and Cave Brown, Last Hero. pp. 423 – 6.

(53) Respectively: Whitwell, British Agent, pp. 202 – 7; and R. Smith, OSS , p. 229.

(54) Weitz in interview with author, 14 September 1984 .

(55) Corson, Armies of Ignorance, pp. 87 – 8.

(56) Cave Brown, Last Hero, pp. 641 – 2.

(57) Cave Brown (ed.). The Secret War Report of the OSS (New York: Berkley Medallion, 1976), p. 7.

(58) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, p. 410.

(59) Thomas Inglis, Chief of Naval Intelligence, testifying before Congress. National Security Act Hearing, 27 June 1947 (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1982), p. 68.

(60) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 757.

(61) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, pp. 381 – 2.

(62) Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, Is Paris Burning? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965), p. 304.

(1) National Security Act Hearing (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1982), p. 41.

(2) David C. Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors (New York: Ballantine, 1981), p. 39.

(3) Respectively: National Security Act Hearing, pp. 38, 55; Pratt, 'How Not to Run a Spy System', p. 242; and Trevor Barnes, 'The Secret Cold War. The CIA and American Foreign Policy in Europe, 1946 – 1956, Part 1', Historical Journal, vol. 24, no. 2 (1981), pp. 400-4.

(4) Harry Howe Ransom, 'Secret Intelligence in the United States, 1947 – 1982: the ClA's Search for Legitimacy', in Andrew and Dilks, Missing Dimension, p. 206.

(5) National Security Act Hearing, p. 32.

(6) ibid., p. 46.

(7) ibid., p. 38.

(8) ibid., p. 35.

(9) Memo in the Leahy Papers, 25 February 1947, Box 20/132, US National Archives, Washington DC.

(10) National Security Act Hearing, pp. 28 – 9.

(11) ibid., pp. 22, 27, 29.

(12) ibid., pp. vi, 1.

(13) Respectively: Barnes, 'Secret Cold War. Part 2', p. 656; and Ransom, 'Secret Intelligence', p. 203.

(14) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 785.

(15) Barnes, 'Secret Cold War. Part 2', p. 651.

(16) Barnes, 'Secret Cold War. Part 1', pp. 412 – 13.

(17) Michael J. Barrett, 'Honorable Espionage', Journal of Defence and Diplomacy (February 1984), p. 14.

(18) Barnes, 'Secret Cold War. Part 2', pp. 660, 663.

(19) Enver Hoxha, The Anglo-American Threat to Albania (Tirana: 8 Nentori, 1982), p. 430.

(20) Barnes, 'Secret Cold War. Part 2', p. 664.

(21) Harry Rositzke, The ClA's Secret Operations (New York: Reader's Digest Press, 1977), p. 188.

(22) See David Atlee Phillips, The Night Watch (New York: Atheneum, 1977).

(23) In a speech at Yale University , 3 February 1958 , quoted in R. Hillsman, 'On Intelligence', Armed Forces and Society, vol. 8, no. 1 (Fall 1981), p. 136.

(24) Kirkpatrick in interview with David Leitch, on behalf of author, 1979.

(25) Letter from Philby to author, 27 March 1979 .

(26) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 3, BBC Radio 4, 27 January 1982 .

(27) R. W. Johnson, 'Making Things Happen', London Review of Books, 6 – 19 September 1984, p. 12.

(28) Tad Szulc, 'When the Russians Rocked the World', The Times. 29 August 1984 .

(29) David Holloway, in letter to author, 2 August 1985 .

(30) New York Times, 7 May 1950.

(31) Quoted in Robert Kimball, 'Criminals of the Century?'. Unsolved, vol. 2, no. 21 (1984).

(32) David Holloway, 'Entering the Nuclear Arms Race: the Soviet Decision to Build the Atomic Bomb, 1939 – 1945', Social Studies of Science, vol. 11 (1981), p. 169.

(33) ibid., p. 175.

(34) ibid., p. 179.

(35) ibid., p. 183.

(36) ibid., p. 186.

(37) Holloway in letter to author, 2 August 1985 .

(38) Davidson in letter to author, 16 October 1967 .

(39) Fuchs's confession to Dr Michael W. Perrin, atomic scientist, British Ministry of Supply, quoted in letter from Hoover to Souers, 2 March 1950 . Harry S. Trurnai; Library, President's secretary's files.

(40) Holloway, 'Entering the Nuclear Arms Race', p. 194.

(41) Holloway in letter to author, 2 August 1985 .

(42) Fuchs's confession to Dr. Perrin, cit. at n. 39.

(43) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, p. 389.

(44) National Security Act Hearing, p. 29.

(45) Margaret Gowing, 'Niels Bohr and Nuclear Weapons' (manuscript of chapter for Massachusetts Institute of Technology), p. 10.

(46) Barnes. 'Secret Cold War. Part 2', p. 654.

(47) H. A. DeWeerd, 'Strategic Surprise in the Korean War', Orbis (Fall 1962), pp. 439 – 40.

(48) ibid., p. 438.

(49) Louis Heren. 'Korea: the Blame that Rests on MacArthur', The Times. 3 January 1981.

(50) DeWeerd, 'Strategic Surprise', p. 449.

(51) Barnes, 'Secret Cold War. Part 2', p. 652.

(52) ibid., p. 655.

(53) 'Should the U. S. Fight Secret Wars; a Forum', Harper's. September 1984, p. 44.

(54) Ransom, 'Secret Intelligence', p. 209.

(55) R. W. Johnson, 'Making Things Happen', p. 14.

(1) Verrier, Looking Glass, p. 98.

(2) P. Hennessy and G. Brownfeld, 'Britain's Cold War Security Purge: the Origins of Positive Vetting'. Historical Journal, vol. 25, no. 4 (1982), pp. 971 – 2.

(3) ibid., p. 973.

(4) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 4, BBC Radio 4. 3 February 1982.

(5) Cecil, 'Cambridge Comintern', p. 180; and Cecil in interview with author, 31 January 1984.

(6) Page, Leitch and Knightley, Philby, p. 172.

(7) Kirkpatrick in interview with author, 1967.

(8) Robert Amory in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(9) Retired SIS officer in interview with author, 26 June 1984 .

(10) Cecil, ' Cambridge Comintern', p. 186. ibid., p. 188.

(12) Philby, My Silent War, p. 129.

(13) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 3, BBC Radio 4, 27 January 1982 .

(14) Cecil, ' Cambridge Comintern', p. 193.

(15) Michael Straight, After Long Silence (London: Collins, 1983), p. 251.

(16) Cecil, ' Cambridge Comintern', p. 195.

(17) Page, Leitch and Knightley, Philby, p. 291.

(18) Philby, My Silent War, p. 137.

(19) 29 September 1955 , FBI Archives, Washington DC .

(20) Letter from Fishman to Sunday Times, unpublished, 13 February 1977 .

(21) FBI Archives, Washington DC .

(22) Rosamond Lehman in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.