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Оценить численность древней популяции чрезвычайно трудно. Наиболее тщательный анализ был представлен в работе: Bocquet-Appel, J-P. and Degioanni, A. 2013. Neanderthal Demographic Estimates. Current Anthropology 54(8): S202–13. Ее авторы, используя 9 различных сценариев вычисления, оценивают величину неандертальской популяции в интервале от 5000 до 70 000 особей. Из результатов более поздних работ, основанных на анализе ядерного генома,