Культурная эволюция Homo sapiens. История изобретений: от освоения огня до открытия электричества - Рашид Шафигулин
Hair loss is another of the not fully solved secrets of our ancestors. The author does not consider all the hypotheses that exist in this regard. The author himself considers in detail only one hypothesis closest to him, information, as well as excerpts from various scientific articles give food for thought why a person lost his fur. Having got rid of the hair cover, a person simultaneously got rid of harmful insects — lice and fleas, which caused significant harm to his health.
But after parting with them, the hairless man faced a new problem — flying blood-sucking insects and was forced to seek protection from them. Ochre (iron hydroxides) became the salvation. Even in the Middle Paleolithic, the Presapienses and Neanderthals began to use it quite widely. Ochre was mined in mines many kilometers away from housing, but such difficulties did not frighten the ancestors, the result was more important. The resulting ochre powder was smeared on the body. However, even today the opinions of scientists about the use of ochre differ. The book examines all hypotheses and focuses on the most probable, from the author’s point of view, the reason for the use of ochre in antiquity.
Historical and archaeological evidence shows that tattooing has been practiced since the depths of centuries, since the Upper Paleolithic period, and we still see echoes of this phenomenon today. Why did people put tattoos on their bodies? The author has his own opinion on this issue.
What were the combs and mirrors found in numerous excavations used for? Was their appearance caused by the desire of their ancestors for beauty or by social necessity? Or maybe they served the observance of the simplest hygiene? The reader learns the author’s position from the book.
How did a person learn to melt metals and what prompted him to do this?
The book tells about the history of their production and use, as well as about why humanity switched to completely new smelting technologies and mastered metals such as copper, bronze, iron.
But the Bronze Age ended in a real disaster for many countries. At the end of it there is the collapse of the Mycenaean kingdoms, the Hittite kingdom in Anatolia, Syria, Egypt is falling into decline. The collapse of culture throughout the Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean is accompanied by a political and economic collapse, in which, in parallel with the decline of some civilizations, new civilizations and new ideologies were born. Scientists cannot come to a general conclusion about the causes of the «Bronze Age catastrophe».
It was at the same time (XIII century BC) that the transition of mankind from polytheism to monotheism took place. Why is the change in the religious views of our ancestors associated with the crisis period?
Glass producing has opened up new opportunities for humans. Of course, it all started with the simplest glass products. But with the development of physics and optics, it turned out that glass allows you to make unheard-of discoveries. Thanks to glass, new specific optical devices have appeared, designed for various physical and physico-chemical studies, spectral analyses. All astronomical discoveries are made with the help of a telescope. Without glass, we would not be able to enter the space age. But we are interested in when and why Sapiens began to get the first semblance of glass from sand. The book will tell you about this too. And after a person went from simple glass blowing to the production of vacuum flasks and connected it with electricity (another scientific breakthrough), humanity received the first lighting lamps, rapidly broke into the age of computer science and the atomic era.
The book will interest not only readers, but also scientists and specialists.
Contents
1. Fire
Neanderthals and fire
Culinary hypothesis
Taming the Fire
The price and importance of fire
Vegetable food and self-medication
Against microorganisms
2. Ceramics
Archaeological excavations of ceramics.
Microorganisms and ceramics. Possible causes of ceramics
Genes and ceramics
3. Funeral activities
Death in the animal world
Primates (modern times)
Homo heidelbergensis
Middle Paleolithic. Early homo sapiens
Late homo sapiens
Neanderthals
Disputes about the premeditation of burials
Chronology of Neanderthal burials
Homo sapiens in the Upper (Late) Paleolithic (37,000–21,000 BC)
Madeleine culture
Natufian culture
Neolithic
The Copper — Stone Age circa 2500–1900 BC.
4. Cremation
Middle Paleolithic
Upper Paleolithic
Mesolithic
Neolithic
The Copper-Stone Age (Eneolithic) and the Bronze Age
Iron Age
Zoroastrianism
Antiquity
Middle Ages
China, Korea, Japan
Cremation in India
Conclusion
5. Jewelry
History and archaeology
Decoration in the animal world
Sexual selection, social status and pathogens
What are the decorations for. Hypotheses
6. Hair loss
Hypotheses
Parasites
Control of parasites in animals
7. Combs
8. Security
History and archaeology
What is ochre for? Hypotheses
Or maybe pathogens?
Is beauty the result of social necessity or protection from parasites?
9. Tattoos
Copper and Bronze Age
The Iron Age.
Are tattoos initiation, social status, magic or ancient medicine?
Tattooing and Medicine
10. Progressive inventions. Metallurgy. The era of early metal. Eneolithic.
Metal discovery hypothesis
Chronology of the appearance of copper objects.
Why metal?
The Copper — Stone Age in Asia
11. Bronze
Early Bronze Age.
Middle Bronze Age
Late Bronze Age
Bronze in East Asia.
12. Bronze bells.
13. Metallurgy. Iron
The Iron Age in Asia
Why iron?
14. Progressive inventions. Mirror and Glass
Mirror
History of the mirror
Antiquity
Glass
Beads and small amulets made of glass.
15. The invention of electricity
The history of electricity and magnetism.
Telephone, lamp, TV.
Afterword
* * *
В память о брате, о гениальном безумце.
Когда много лет назад на Земле появился хомо сапиенс, окружающий мир был не слишком доброжелателен к нему — то и
