Общество контроля. Как сохранить конфиденциальность в эпоху тотальной слежки - Джон Фасман
33
Zack Whittaker, “Police License Plate Readers Are Still Exposed on the Internet”, Tech Crunch, January 22, 2019, https://techcrunch.com/2019/01/22/police-alpr-license-plate-readers-accessible-internet.
34
Dave Maass, Beryl Lipton, “EFF and MuckRock Release Records and Data from 200 Law Enforcement Agencies’ Automated License Plate Reader Programs”, Electronic Frontier Foundation, November 15, 2018; Dave Maass, “EFF and MuckRock Are Filing a Thousand Public Records Requests About ALPR Data Sharing”, Electronic Frontier Foundation, February 16, 2018, www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/02/eff-and-muckrock-are-filing-thousand-public-records-requests-alpr-data-sharing.
35
Vasudha Talla, “Documents Reveal ICE Using Driver Location Data from Local Police for Deportations”, American Civil Liberties Union, March 13, 2019, www.aclu.org/blog/immigrants-rights/ice-and-border-patrol-abuses/documents-reveal-ice-using-driver-location-data.
36
Todd C. Frankel, “The Surprising Return of the Repo Man”, Washington Post, May 15, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/the-surprising-return-of-the-repo-man/2018/05/15/26fcd30e-4d5a-11e8-af46-b1d6dc0d9bfe_story.html.
37
Dave Maass and Jeremy Gillula, “What You Can Learn from Oakland’s Raw ALPR Data”, Electronic Frontier Foundation, January 21, 2015, www.eff.org/deeplinks/2015/01/what-we-learned-oakland-raw-alpr-data.
38
Принадлежит Мете, которая признана экстремистской на территории РФ.
39
Jillian B. Carr, Jennifer L. Doleac, “The Geography, Incidence, and Underreporting of Gun Violence: New Evidence Using ShotSpotter Data”, Brookings Institution, April 27, 2016, www.brookings.edu/research/the-geography-incidence-and-underreporting-of-gun-violence-new-evidence-using-shotspotter-data.
40
Aaron Karp, “Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers”, Small Arms Survey, Briefing Paper, June 2018, www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/T-Briefing-Papers/SAS-BP-Civilian-Firearms-Numbers.pdf.
41
Matt Drange, “ShotSpotter Alerts Police to Lots of Gunfire, but Produces Few Tangible Results”, Forbes, November 17, 2016, www.forbes.com/sites/mattdrange/2016/11/17/shotspotter-alerts-police-to-lots-of-gunfire-but-produces-few-tangible-results/#c6dc0e5229ed.
42
“ShotSpotter Frequently Asked Questions”, January 2018, www.shotspotter.com/system/content-uploads/SST_FAQ_January_2018.pdf.
43
Rick Smith, The End of Killing: How Our Newest Technologies Can Solve Humanity’s Oldest Problem (Vancouver, BC: Page Two Books, 2019).
44
CEO, или Chief Executive Officer – высшая управленческая должность, существующая в странах с англосаксонской экономической моделью. – Прим. ред.
45
Ежегодный отчет Axon 2019, доступный по ссылке: https://investor.axon.com/financials/Annual-Reports-Proxies/default.aspx.
46
“Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department”, US Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, March 4, 2015, www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2015/03/04/ferguson_police_department_report.pdf.
47
“Body-Worn Camera Program Fact Shee”, US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance, n. d., https://bja.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh186/files/bwc/pdfs/BWCPIP-Award-Fact-Sheet.pdf.
48
Kimberly Kindy, “Some U. S. Police Departments Dump Body-Camera Programs amid High Costs”, Washington Post, January 21, 2019; “Body-Worn Cameras (BWCs),” US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance, June 26, 2015, https://bja.ojp.gov/program/body-worn-cameras-bwcs/overview.
49
“Cost and Benefits of Body-Worn Camera Deployments”, Police Executive Research Forum, April 2018, www.policeforum.org/assets/BWCCostBenefit.pdf.
50
H.R. 7028: DHS Body-Worn Camera Act of 2018, sponsored by Filemon Vela (D-TX), introduced October 2, 2018; Police CAMERA Act of 2019, sponsored by Steve Cohen, (D-TN), introduced January 3, 2019.
51
Vivian Hung, Steven Babin, Jacqueline Coberly, “A Market Survey on Body Worn Camera Technologies”, prepared by the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory for the US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 2016, www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250381.pdf.
52
Albert Fox Cahn, “How Bodycams Distort Real Life”, New York Times, August 8, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/08/08/opinion/bodycams-privacy.html.
53
Emily Ekins, “Cato/YouGov Poll: 92 % Support Police Body Cameras, 55 % Willing to Pay More in Taxes to Equip Local Police”, Cato at Liberty, January 5, 2016, www.cato.org/blog/catoyougov-poll-92-support-police-body-cameras-55-willing-pay-more-taxes-equip-local-police.
54
Katie Miller, “A Surprising Downside of Bodycams”, Slate, May 3, 2019, https://slate.com/technology/2019/05/body-worn-cameras-police-officers-discretion.html.
55
Lindsay Miller, Jessica Toliver, Police Executive Research Forum, Implementing a Body-Worn Camera Program: Recommendations and Lessons Learned (Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2014).
56
Alex S. Vitale, “Baltimore Body Camera Controversy Grows”, The Appeal, September 19, 2017, https://theappeal.org/baltimore-body-camera-controversy-grows-9244fe2b211e.
57
Lily Hay Newman, “Police Bodycams Can Be Hacked to Doctor Footage”, Wired, August 11, 2018, www.wired.com/story/police-body-camera-vulnerabilities.
58
Miller et al., Implementing a Body-Worn Camera Program.
59
“Cost and Benefits of Body-Worn Camera Deployments”.
60
“Police Body-Worn Cameras: A Policy Scorecard”, Upturn and the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, updated November 2017, www.bwcscorecard.org.
61
David Yokum, Anita Ravishankar, Alexander Coppock, “Evaluating the Effects of Police Body Worn Cameras: A Randomized Controlled Trial”, The Lab @ DC, Working Paper, October 20, 2017, https://bwc.thelab.dc.gov/TheLabDC_MPD_BWC_Working_Paper_10.20.17.pdf.
62
Anthony Braga, James R. Coldren Jr., William Sousa, Denise Rodriguez, Omer Alper, “The Benefits of Body-Worn Cameras: New Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial at the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department”, National Institute of Justice Document no. 251416, www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/251416.pdf.
63
Ryan Stokes, Lee Rankin, Tony Filler, “End-of-Program Evaluation and Recommendations: On-Officer Body Camera System”, Mesa Police Department, Arizona, December 3, 2013, www.bwvsg.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/On-Officer_Body_Camera_Field_Study.pdf.
64
“Self-Awareness to Being Watched and Socially-Desirable Behavior: A Field Experiment on the Effect of Body Worn Cameras on Police Use-of-Force”, National Police Foundation, March 2013, www.policefoundation.org/publication/self-awareness-to-being-watched-and-socially-desirable-behavior-a-field-experiment-on-the-effect-of-body-worn-cameras-on-police-use-of-force.
65
Barak Ariel, Alex Sutherland, Darren Henstock, Josh Young, Paul Drover, Jayne Sykes, Simon Megicks, Ryan Henderson, “Report: Increases in Police Use of Force in the Presence of Body-Worn Cameras Are Driven by Officer Discretion: A Protocol-Based Subgroup Analysis of Ten Randomized Experiments”, Journal of Experimental Criminology 12 (2016): 453–463.
66
Jeffrey Bellin and Shevarma Pemberton, “Policing the Admissibility of Body Camera Evidence”, Fordham Law Review 87, no. 4 (2019): 1428, 1425.
67
Дело Тимоти Скотт против Виктора Харриса, 550 U.S. 372 (2007).
68
Дело Пламхофф против Рикарда, 572 U.S. 765 (2014).
69
Дело Блэкстон против штата Алабама, 30 F.3d 117 (11th Cir. 1994).
70
Дело Смит против города Камминга, 212 F.3d 1332 (11th Cir. 2000).
