Бет Новек - Wiki-правительство: Как технологии могут сделать власть лучше, демократию – сильнее, а граждан – влиятельнее

12. “Image file wrapper,” U. S. Patent 20070118658 (http://portal.uspto.gov/external/portal/pair [October 2008]).

13. Eric S. Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar (Cambridge, Mass.: O’Reilly, 2001), p. 30.

14. Бэйленсон – основатель Virtual Human Interaction Lab (http://vhil.stanford.edu [October 2008]). Его работы можно найти на том же сайте (http://vhil.stanford.edu/pubs/ [October 2008]).

15. Aaron Britt, “On Language: Avatar,” New York Times, August 10, 2008, p. MM12.

16. Jeremy N. Bailenson and others, “Facial Similarity between Voters and Candidates Causes Social Influence,” Public Opinion Quarterly (2008) (http://vhil.stanford.edu/pubs/2008/bailenson-facial-similarity.pdf [October 2008]).

17. Joan Morris DiMicco, “Changing Small Group Interaction through Visual Reflections of Social Behavior,” Ph. D. dissertation, MIT, 2005; Joan DiMicco and Walter Bender, “Group Reactions to Visual Feedback Tools,” paper prepared for the Second International Conference on Persuasive Technology, April 26–27, 2007, Stanford. Ее работы см.: www.joandimicco.com (October 2008).

18. DiMicco, “Changing Small Group Interaction,” p. 15.

19. WNYC, Brian Lehrer Show, “30 Issues in 30 Days” (www.wnyc.org/30issues [October 2008]). Использовались инструменты wiki, темы были определены заранее, голосование шло по результатам обсуждения в эфире. Проект был реализован в октябре 2008 г.

20. Noveck, “A Democracy of Groups.”

21. Steven Weber, The Success of Open Source (Harvard University Press, 2004).

22. Noah D. Zatz, “Sidewalks in Cyberspace: Making Space for Public Forums in the Electronic Environment,” Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 12 (1998): 149.

23. Joi Ito, “Leadership in World of Warcraft,” March 13, 2006 (joi.ito.com/weblog/2006/03/13/leadership-in-w.html [October 2008]).

24. Conference, Convergence of the Real and Virtual, May 9–11, 2008 (mysite.verizon.net/wsbainbridge/convergence.htm [October 2008]).

25. John Seely Brown and Josh Thomas, “The Gamer Disposition,” Harvard Business Review Online, February 14, 2008 (conversationstarter.hbsp.com/2008/02/the_gamer_disposition.html [October 2008]).

26. “The Group Brain Project” (http://groupbrain.wjh.harvard.edu/ [October 2008]).

27. Noveck, “A Democracy of Groups.”

28. Scott E. Page, The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies (Princeton University Press, 2007). См. также: Ray Reagans and Ezra Zuckerman, “Networks, Diversity, and Productivity: The Social Capital of Corporate R&D Teams,” Organization Science 12 (2001): 502; Jose Ramasco, “Social Inertia and Diversity in Collaboration Networks,” European Physical Journal: Special Topics 143 (2007): 47–50.

29. Northwestern Law School, “Northwestern Law Announces Accelerated JD, Other Proposals,” news release, June 20, 2008 (www.law.northwestern.edu/news/newsdisplay.cfm?ID=191 [October 2008]).

30. Stephen M. Kosslyn, “On the Evolution of Human Motivation: The Role of Social Prosthetic Systems,” in Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience, edited by S. M. Platek, T. K. Shackleford, and J. P. Keenan (MIT Press, 2006), p. 546.

31. Cass Sunstein and Richard Thaler, Nudge (Yale University Press, 2008). Это важное исследование поведенческой экономики иллюстрирует идею выбора архитектуры (характеристики, которые влияют на нашу склонность делать определенный выбор). См. также: Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice”, Science 211 (1981): 453–458.

32. “Godwin’s Law” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwins_law [October 2008]).

33. Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams, Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything (New York: Portfolio, 2006), p. 144; “Slashdot FAQ: Comments and Moderation” (http://slashdot.org/faq/com-mod.shtml [October 2008]).

34. Clay Shirky, Here Comes Everybody (New York: Penguin, 2008), p. 291.

35. Nancy Scola, “Public Submitted Thousands of Debate Questions Online, Not Millions (Updated),” October 8, 2008 (www.techpresident.com/blog/entry/31240 [October 2008]).

36. Netroots Nation, “Questions for Nancy Pelosi” (www.askthespeaker.org [October 2008]).

37. Ed O’Keefe, “Obama Asks Dean to Drop Restrictions on Debates” (voices.washingtonpost.com/channel-08/2007/05/obama_asks_dean_to_waive_copyri.html [October 2008]). См. также: Lawrence Lessig, “Free Debates: Round Two” (www.lessig.org/blog/2008/09/free_debates_round_two.html).

38. “E-Petitions” (petitions. number10.gov.uk/[October 2008]).

39. Neil Franklin, e-petitions project manager, interview by author, September 12, 2008.

40. “Feedback scores, stars, and your reputation” (pages.ebay.com/help/feedback/scores-reputation.html [October 2008]) (description of ratings system). См. также: “What Is Feedback and How Does It Affect My Reputation?” (pages.ebay.com/help/feedback/questions/feedback.html [October 2008]).

41. Peter Kollock, “The Production of Trust in Online Markets,” in Advances in Group Processes, vol. 16, edited by E. J. Lawler and others (Greenwich, Conn.: Elsevier, 1999). Разделение двух сторон сделки во времени или пространстве (например, покупка по почте или в кредит) несет большой риск: сторона, которая является второй в сделке, должна считаться надежной или потребуются какие-то иные гарантии. Формальная инфраструктура по управлению рисками довольно велика и включает в себя компании, выпускающие кредитные карты, структуры, определяющие кредитный рейтинг, независимые аудиторские фирмы, и – если дела идут плохо – налоговые органы и организации, осуществляющие правосудие.

42. International Business Machines, “IBM Sets Record for Most U. S. Patents Earned in One Year, Announces the ‘Inventors Forum’ to Collaborate with Small and Mid-Size Enterprises,” news release, January 11, 2007 (www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/20868.wss [October 2008]).

43. President’s Commission on the Patent System, “To Promote the Progress of Science and Useful Arts” (1966), p. 73.

44. Michael Liedtke, “Microsoft Backs Novell’s Linux Platform” (www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-11-02-windows-linux_x.htm?POE=TECISVA [October 2008]).

45. “Patent Litigation Run Amok,” December 21, 2007. Этот анонимный блог (Patent Troll-Tracker) был снят, так как автора не смогли идентифицировать. Копия в архиве.

46. “Todd Dickinson to Take AILPA Helm,” August 15, 2008 (www.patentlyo.com/patent/2008/08/todd-dickinson.html [October 2008]).

47. David Clark, “A Cloudy Crystal Ball: Visions of the Future,” July 16, 1992 (xys.ccert.edu.cn/reference/future_ietf_92.pdf [October 2008]). Полная цитата: «Мы отвергаем королей, президентов, участвующих в голосовании. Мы верим в грубый консенсус и изменчивый набор правил».

48. Biotechnology Industry Organization, “BIO Expresses Concerns Regarding New Patent Reform Legislation,” news release, June 19, 2007 (www.bio.org/ip/domestic/20070719.asp [October 2008]).

49. Peter K. Yu, “The International Enclosure Movement,” Indiana Law Journal 82 (2007): 859.

50. Richard Stallman, “Prior Art Won’t Solve the Software Patent Problem,” September 15, 2006 (www.linux.com/articles/57167 [October 2008]).

51. Peer-to-Patent, “Workshops and Events” (dotank.nyls.edu/communitypatent/workshopsandevents_locations.html [October 2008]).

52. ABA Committee on the Status and Future of Federal e-Rulemaking, “Achieving the Potential: The Future of Federal e-Rulemaking: A Report to Congress and the President,” 2008 (ceri.law.cornell.edu/documents/final-report-pr-2.pdf [December 2008]); Penn Program on Regulation, “Task Force to Federal Regulators: Open Your Doors to the Public and Let in More Sunshine: Transparency and Public Participation in the Rulemaking Process,” 2008.

53. Project on Law and Democratic Development, “International Working Group on Online Consultation and Public Policy Making” (www.reconnectingdemocracy.org [October 2008]).

54. Juerg Haefliger, William F. Bruckert, and James S. Klecka, “Tuning core voltage of processors,” U. S. Patent 20070174746, July 26, 2007; см. также: peertopatent.org/patent/20070174746/activity (October 2008).

55. Broyles and Gibbons, “User-selectable, management-alert format.”

56. Jack Harvey, “Results of Pilot: U. S. Patent and Trademark Office Perspective,” paper prepared for AIPLA spring meeting, May 14, 2008 (www.aipla.org/Content/ContentGroups/Speaker_Papers/Spring_Meeting/200812/Harvey-jackslides.pdf [October 2008]).

57. Jack Harvey, “Pilot Concerning Public Submission of Peer Reviewed Prior Art,” paper prepared for AIPLA spring meeting, May 14, 2008 (www.uspto.gov/web/patents/peerpriorartpilot/peer051408aipla.pdf [October 2008]).

58. “Method for configuring a wind farm network” (peertopatent.org/patent/20070255832/activity [October 2008]); “Recommending contacts in a social network” (peertopatent.org/patent/20080059576/activity [October 2008]).

59. Her Majesty’s Treasury, “Recommendation 23,” Gowers Review of Intellectual Property (November 2006): 85.

60. “Japan Patent Office Launches Community Patent Review,” July 28, 2008 (cairns.typepad.com/peertopatent/2008/07/japan-patent-of.html [October 2008]).

61. См.: Erica Naone, “Moving Freely between Virtual Worlds: Players Hope to Connect Their Separate Domains to Form a 3-D Internet,” MIT Technology Review, October 29, 2007, p. 2.

Глава 5

1. См.: Brian Robinson, “Group Advocates Data-Driven Policymaking,” Federal Computer Weekly, April 23, 2007 (www.fcw.com/online/news/102541–1.html [October 2008]). См. также: Daniel Esty and Reece Rushing, “Governing by the Numbers: The Promise of Data-Driven Policymaking in the Information Age,” April 2007 (www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/04/pdf/data_driven_policy_report.pdf [October 2008]).

2. Billy Beane, Newt Gingrich, and John Kerry, “How to Take American Health Care from Worst to First,” New York Times, October 24, 2008, p. A27.

3. Фиды округа Колумбия и конкурс Apps for Democracy, см.: data.octo.dc.gov (December 2008).

4. О работе Комиссии по безопасности потребительских товаров с опасными игрушками рассказано в 2008 г. на семинаре сетевого управления в Стэнфорде. Была поставлена задача найти более эффективные способы вовлечения граждан, и одна группа студентов предложила эту идею. Презентацию идеи выложили на YouTube (www.youtube.com/watch?v=RpCN_ – rnFo [December 2008]).

5. Nate Ritter, “How Geeks Can Help in Disasters,” October 25, 2007 (blog.perfectspace.com/2007/10/25/how-geeks-can-help-in-disasters-san-diegofire-2007 [October 2008]).

6. Steve Lohr, “Google and IBM Join in Cloud Computing Research,” New York Times, October 8, 2007, p. 8.

7. Will Dick, “Virtual Alabama: Seeing the Sense in Sharing,” working paper, nGenera Insight (September 2008) (www.ngenera.com/convs/show/9421-measuring-government-2–0 [October 2008]).

8. Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (www.ffiec.gov/ [October 2008]).

9. Tyson Evans, “Charles Blow, NYT Visual Journalist,” April 1, 2008 (update.snd.org/news/entry/charles-blow-nyt-visual-columnist [October 2008]).

10. Edward Tufte, Envisioning Information (Cheshire, Conn.: Graphics Press, 1990), p. 12.

11. Steve Lohr, “Digital Tools Help Users Save Energy, Study Finds,” New York Times, January 10, 2008, p. C1.

12. Debate Hub (debatehub.c-span.org [October 2008]).

13. J. C. R. Licklider and Robert W. Taylor, “The Computer as Communication Device,” Science and Technology 76 (1968): 22.

14. Cass Sunstein, “The Daily Me,” in Republic. Com (Princeton University Press, 2001).

15. Arnold Pacey, Meaning in Technology (MIT Press, 1999), pp. 39–57 (discussing Alfred Crosby’s description of the “shift to the visual” in history).

16. Классический текст: Tufte, Envisioning Information. См. также: Stuart Card, Jock MacKinlay, and Ben Shneiderman, eds., Readings in Information Visualization (Academic Press, 1990).

17. См.: www.many-eyes.com (October 2008).

18. “Swivel: Where Curious People Explore Data” (www.swivel.com [October 2008]).

19. Tufte, Envisioning Information, p. 50.

20. См.: www.airnow.gov (October 2008).

21. См.: www.kitab.nl/tunisianprisonersmap (October 2008).

22. См.: www.freebase.com (October 2008).

23. См.: www.ashoka.org/changemakers (October 2008).

24. См.: www.delver.com (October 2008).

25. См.: www.naver.com (October 2008).

26. Erica Naone, “Mapping Professional Networks: IBM’s Atlas Tool Aims to Help Businesses Visualize Connections between Colleagues,” December 28, 2007 (www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/19985/?nlid=777&a=f [October 2008]).

27. J. M. DiMicco and N. Yankelovich, “Constellation: Using Visualization to Find the Path to Experts,” poster presentation, ACM conference, Organizational Computing and Groupware Technologies (Group 2007), November 2007 (www.joandimicco.com/pubs/dimicco-yankelovich-group07-poster-constellation.pdf).

28. Dawn Nunziato, “The Death of the Public Forum in Cyberspace,” Berkeley Technology Law Journal 20 (2005), p. 7.

29. David R. Johnson, “How Online Games May Change the Law and Legally Significant Institutions,” New York Law School Law Review 49 (2004): 51.

30. Micah L. Sifry, “Obama across America: Seeing the Big Picture” (www.techpresident.com/blog/entry/31556 [October 2008]).

31. См.: youtube.com/videoyourvote (October 2008). Партнерский проект с ACLU’s Voting Rights Project, BlackBoxVoting.org, Center for American Politics and Citizenship, Center for Governmental Studies, Center for the Study of the American Electorate, Citizen Media Law Project, Common Cause, Flip Video Spotlight, electionline.org, Howcast.com, Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights under Law, Overseas Vote Foundation, People for the American Way, Pew Center for the States, Rock the Vote, Video the Vote, Voto Latino, Why Tuesday? and Election Protection.

32. Конгресс в 1994 г. принял Закон об открытом правлении, обязывающий правительство проводить заседания федеральных агентств при открытых дверях, т. е. быть открытым для общественности. Закон затрагивает деятельность 50 учреждений, в том числе большинства регулирующих комиссий, и предусматривает создание нормативной базы для обеспечения открытости. Но требование открытости заставляет сотрудников, которые не связаны этими нормами, проводить заседания при закрытых дверях. Government in the Sunshine Act, P. L. 94–409, 90 Stat. 1241 (1976), codified at 5 U. S. C. 552 (b).