Анетт Асп - Круто! Как подсознательное стремление выделиться правит экономикой и формирует облик нашего мира
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Обзор в: Northoff, Georg, and Felix Bermpohl. 2004. “Cortical Midline Structures and the Self.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8:102–07; и Wagner, D. D., J. V. Haxby, and T. F. Heatherton. 2012. “The Representation of Self and Person Knowledge in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex.” WIREs Cognitive Science 3:451–70.
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Идея развития личности через социальную обратную связь очень близка теории «зеркальной личности» Чарльза Кули, созданной им в начале XX века. Действительно, одна из наиболее интересных особенностей МПФК – это ее долгое развитие, которое вполне согласуется с долгим развитием концепции личности.
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Weise, Elizabeth. 2010. “93 % of Women Wash Their Hands vs. 77 % of men.” USA Today, September 13. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/yourlife/health/2010–09–13-handwashing14_ST_N.htm?csp=34news.
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См. также статью Марка Лири о социометре: Leary, M. R., and R. F. Baumeister. 2000. “The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory.” In M. P. Zanna, ed., Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 32, pp. 1–62. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
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Eisenberger, Naomi I., et al. 2011. “The neural sociometer: Brain mechanisms underlying state self-esteem.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23:3448–55.
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Baumeister, Roy F., et al. 2001. “Bad is stronger than good.” Review of General Psychology 5:323–70.
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Izuma, Keise, Daisuke N. Saito, and Norihiro Sadato. 2010. “The roles of the medial prefrontal cortex and striatum in reputation processing.” Social Neuroscience 5:133–47.
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Davey, Christopher G., et al. 2010. “Being liked activates primary reward and midline self-related brain regions.” Human Brain Mapping 31:660–68.
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Izuma et al., 2010, “Roles of the medial prefrontal cortex and striatum.”
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Lin, Alice, Ralph Adolphs, and Antonio Rangel. 2012. “Social and monetary reward learning engage overlapping neural substrates.” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 7:274–81.
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Leary, Mark R. 2007. “Motivational and emotional aspects of the self.” Annual Review of Psychology 58:317–44.
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Bushman, Brad J., Scott J. Moeller, and Jennifer Crocker. 2011. “Sweets, sex, or self-esteem? Comparing the value of self-esteem boosts with other pleasant rewards.” Journal of Personality 79:993–1012.
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Baumeister, 2001, “Bad is stronger than good.”
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Berthoz, S., et al. 2002. “An fMRI study of intentional and unintentional (embarrassing) violations of social norms.” Brain 125:1696–708.
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Preuschoff, Quartz, and Bossaerts, 2008. “Human insula activation.”
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Henrich, Joseph, Robert Boyd, Samuel Bowles, Colin Camerer, Ernst Fehr, Herbert Gintis, Richard McElreath, Michael Alvard, Abigail Barr, Jean Ensminger, Natalie Smith Henrich, Kim Hill, Francisco Gil-White, Michael Gurven, Frank W. Marlowe, John Q. Patton, and David Tracer. 2005. “Economic man” in cross-cultural perspective: Behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28:795–815.
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Montague, P. Read, and Terry Lohrenz. 2007. “To detect and correct: Norm violations and their enforcement.” Neuron 56:14–8.
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Исследование этих систем в первую очередь связано с именем Джеффри Грея. См.: Gray, J. A. 1970. “The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extraversion.” Behaviour Research & Therapy, 8:249–66; and Gray, J. A. 1990. “Brain systems that mediate both emotion and cognition.” Cognition and Emotion 4:269–88.
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Simon, Joe J., et al. 2010. “Neural reward processing is modulated by approach and avoidance-related personality traits.” NeuroImage 49:1868–74.
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Claes, Laurence, et al. 2010. “Emotional reactivity and self-regulation in relation to compulsive buying.” Personality and Individual Differences 49:526–30.
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Blair, Karina S., et al. 2010. “Social norm processing in adult social phobia: Atypically increased ventromedial frontal cortex responsiveness to unintentional (embarrassing) transgressions.” American Journal of Psychiatry 167: 1526–32.
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История о джемпере, благотворительности и опросе в магазине взята из Nelissen, Rob M. A., and Marijn H. C. Meijers. 2011. “Social benefits of luxury brands as costly signals of wealth and status.” Evolution and Human Behavior 32:343–55.
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Sivanathan, Niro, and Nathan C. Pettit. 2010. “Protecting the self through consumption: Status goods as affirmational commodities.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46:564–70.
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Rindfl eisch, Aric, James E. Burroughs, and Nancy Wong. 2009. “The safety of objects: Materialism, existential insecurity, and brand connection.” Journal of Consumer Research 36:1–16.
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Сумма при условии наличия двадцати долларов. Обзор этого эксперимента см. в: Engel, Christoph. 2011. “Dictator games: A meta study.” Experimental Economics 14:583–610.
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Gneezy, Uri, Ernan Haruvy, and Hadas Yafe. 2004. “The inefficiency of splitting the bill.” The Economic Journal 114:265–80.
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Zerjal, Tatiana, et al. 2003. “The genetic legacy of the Mongols.” American Journal of Human Genetics 72:717–21.
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Многие думают, что теория родственного отбора заключается в том, что степень нашего альтруизма пропорциональна родству (то есть количеству общих генов), однако на самом деле в ней говорится об особом гене или генах, ответственных за альтруизм. См.: Frank, S. A. 2013. “Natural selection. VII. History and interpretation of kin selection theory.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology 26:1151–84.
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Seyfarth, Robert M., and Dorothy L. Cheney. 2012. “The evolutionary origins of friendship.” Annual Review of Psychology 63:153–77.
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См., например: Miller, Geoffrey F. 2007. “Sexual selection for moral virtues.” The Quarterly Review of Biology 82:97–125.
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Теория сигналов объединяет две перспективы: экономическую и биологическую. Главное различие между ними заключается в том, что в экономике сигналы принято считать сознательным элементом стратегических взаимодействий (например, когда работодатель рассматривает диплом Лиги плюща по гуманитарным наукам как сигнал о том, что его обладатель будет хорошим сотрудником, в отличие от кандидата со специфическими навыками, о которых может сигнализировать степень MBA). В этом случае сигнальное качество диплома сознательно признается как работодателем, так и соискателем, который, согласно экономическим взглядам, стремился получить этот диплом отчасти из-за осознания его сигнальной функции на рынке труда. См. Spence: A. M. (1976). “Competition in salaries, credentials, and signaling prerequisites for jobs.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 90:51–74.
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Cottrell, Catherine A., Steven L. Neuberg, and Norman P. Li. 2007. “What do people desire in others? A sociofunctional perspective on the importance of different valued characteristics.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92:208–31.
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Leary, Mark R. 2007. “Motivational and emotional aspects of the self.” Annual Review of Psychology 58:317–44.
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Wilson, Rick K., and Catherine C. Eckel. 2006. “Judging a book by its cover: Beauty and expectations in the trust game.” Political Research Quarterly 59:189–202.
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DeBruine, Lisa M. 2002. “Facial resemblance enhances trust.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 269:1307–12.
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Stirrat, M., and D. I. Perrett. 2010. “Valid facial cues to cooperation and trust: Male facial width and trustworthiness.” Psychological Science 21:349–54.
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