Трейси Манн - Секреты лаборатории питания. Наука похудения, мифы о силе воли и пользе диет

16. Clayton Neighbors, Mary E. Larimer, and Melissa A. Lewis, “Targeting Misperceptions of Descriptive Drinking Norms: Efficacy of a Computer-Delivered Personalized Normative Feedback Intervention”, Jour nal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72, no. 3 (June 2004): 434-47, doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.3.434.

17. Elizabeth M. Condon, Mary Kay Crepinsek, and Mary Kay Fox, “School Meals: Types of Foods Offered to and Consumed by Children at Lunch and Breakfast”, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 109, no. 2 (2009): S67-S78.

18. Я работала над этим проектом вместе с моими коллегами из Миннесотского университета, в число которых входили Марла Рейке, Зата Викерс, Джо Редден и Элтон Майкерези. Marla Reicks et al., “Photographs in Lunch Tray Compartments and Vegetable Consumption among Children in Elementary School Cafeterias”, JAMA 307, no. 8 (February 22, 2012): 784-85, doi:10.1001/jama.2012.170.

19. Там же.

20. Классическим открытием когнитивной психологии является то, что испытуемые не могут запомнить расположение элементов на монетке. Raymond S. Nickerson and Marilyn Jager Adams, “Long-Term Memory for a Common Object”, Cognitive Psychology 11, no. 3 (1979): 287-307.

21. Heather Barry Kappes and Patrick E. Shrout, “When Goal Sharing Produces Support That Is Not Caring”, Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 37, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 662-73, doi:10.1177/0146167211399926.

22. Mary Ann Parris Stephens et al., “Spouses’ Attempts to Regulate Day-to-Day Dietary Adherence among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes”, Health Psychology 32, no. 10 (October 2013): 1029-37, doi:10.1037/a0030018; J. S. Tucker and J. S. Mueller, “Spouses’ Social Control of Health Behaviors: Use and Effectiveness of Specific Strategies”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26, no. 9 (November 1, 2000): 1120-30, doi: 10.1177/01461672002611008.

23. Там же.

24. Maryhope Howland and Jeffry A. Simpson, “Getting in Under the Radar. A Dyadic View of Invisible Support”, Psychological Science 21, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 1878-85, doi: 10.1177/0956797610388817.

25. Marci E. J. Gleason et al., “Daily Supportive Equity in Close Relationships”, Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 29, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 1036-45, doi: 10.1177/0146167203253473.

1. Классической работой в области социальной психологии по данной теме является: Lee Ross and Richard E. Nisbett, “The Person and the Situation” (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991). На той же концептуальной основе строится когнитивно-поведенческая терапия, о которой см.: David D. Burns, “Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy”, rev. ed. (New York: William Morrow Paperbacks, 1999).

2. Brian Wansink, Koert van Ittersum, and James E. Painter, “How Descriptive Food Names Bias Sensory Perceptions in Restaurants”, Food Quality and Preference 16, no. 5 (2005): 393-400.

3. Alia J. Crum et al., “Mind Over Milkshakes: Mindsets, Not Just Nutrients, Determine Ghrelin Response”, Health Psychology 30, no. 4 (2011): 424-29.

4. Там же.

5. Представлена информация о калорийности одного куска, т. е. одной шестой части пирога. “Bakers Square Restaurant and Bakery Nutritional Information”, Bakerssquare.com, ссылка http://www. bakerssquare.com/files/nutrition.pdf была доступна 7 февраля 2014 г.

6. H.R. 3590,111th Congress: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Public Law No. 111-148, www.GovTrack.us, 2010.

7. Kamila M. Kiszko et al., “The Influence of Calorie Labeling on Food Orders and Consumption: A Review of the Literature”, Journal of Community Health (April 24, 2014), doi:10.1007/sl0900-014-9876-0. См. также табл. 2 в работе: J. Krieger and В. E. Saelens, “Impact of Menu Labeling on Consumer Behavior: A 2008-2012 Update” (Minneapolis, MN, 2013).

8. Brian Elbel et al., “Calorie Labeling, Fast Food Purchasing and Restaurant Visits”, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) (October 17, 2013), doi:10.1002/oby.20550.

9. Sarah Campos, Juliana Doxey, and David Hammond, “Nutrition Labels on Pre-Packaged Foods: A Systematic Review”, Public Health Nutrition 14, по. 8 (2011): 1496; Klaus G. Grunert and Josephine M. Wills, “A Review of European Research on Consumer Response to Nutrition Information on Food Labels”, Journal of Public Health 15, no. 5 (April 14, 2007): 385-99, doi:10.1007/sl0389-007-0101-9; Gill Cowburn and Lynn Stockley, “Consumer Understanding and Use of Nutrition Labelling: A Systematic Review”, Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 1 (February 2005): 21-28.

10. Grunert and Wills, “A Review of European Research on Consumer Response to Nutrition Information on Food Labels”; Cowburn and Stockley, “Consumer Understanding and Use of Nutrition Labelling”.

11. E. A. Wartella et al., “Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols: Promoting Healthier Choices: Phase II Report” (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, Institute of Medicine, 2011).

12. American Heart Association, “Heart Check Food Certification Program”, 2014, http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/ NutritionCenter/HeartSmartShopping/Heart-Check-Program_ UCM_300133_Article.jsp.

13. Christina A. Roberto et al., “Facts Up Front Versus Traffic Light Food Labels: A Randomized Controlled Trial”, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 43, no. 2 (August 1, 2012): 134-41, doi:10.1016/j. amepre.2012.04.022.

14. Мы называем этот символ «галочкой» или «птичкой». “Heart Foundation Tick”, Heart Foundation New Zealand, 2014, http:// www.heartfoundation.org.nz/healthy-living/healthy-eating/heart-foundation-tick.

15. Ellis L. Vyth et al., “A Front-of-Pack Nutrition Logo: A Quantitative and Qualitative Process Evaluation in the Netherlands”, Journal of Health Communication 14, no. 7 (January 2009): 631-45, doi: 10.1080/10810730903204247; Gray Nathan, “Healthy Logo: Netherlands ‘Choices’ Logo Confirmed as First Government-Backed Scheme in EU”, FoodNavigator.com, 2016, http://www.foodnavigator. com/Legislation/Healthy-logo-Netherlands-Choices-logo-confirmed-as-first-government-backed-scheme-in-EU.

16. Wartella et al., “Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols”; Roberto et al., “Facts Up Front Versus Traffic Light Food Labels”.

17. Kelly D. Brownell and Jeffrey P. Koplan, “Front-of-Package Nutrition Labeling — An Abuse of Trust by the Food Industry?”, New England Journal of Medicine 364, no. 25 (June 22, 2011): 2373-75, doi: 10.1056/ NEJMpll01033.

18. Изначально она называлась «Ключевые факторы питания». “GMA and FMI Select Agency Partners to Support $50 Million Nutrition Keys Consumer Education Campaign”, FactsUpFront.org, 2011, http://www. factsupfront.org/Newsroom/5.

19. Brownell and Koplan, “Front-of-Package Nutrition Labeling”.

20. Roberto et al., “Facts Up Front Versus Traffic Light Food Labels”.

21. По меньшей мере в Соединенных Штатах. Rajagopal Raghunathan, Rebecca Walker Naylor, and Wayne D. Hoyer, “The Unhealthy = Tasty Intuition and Its Effects on Taste Inferences, Enjoyment, and Choice of Food Products”, Journal of Marketing 70 (2006): 170-84. Во Франции ситуация может быть иной. Carolina О. С. Werle, Olivier Trendel, and Gauthier Ardito, “Unhealthy Food Is Not Tastier for Everybody: The ‘Healthy = Tasty* French Intuition”, Food Quality and Preference 28, no. 1 (April 2013): 116-21, doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2012.07.007.

22. Stacey R. Finkelstein and Ayelet Fishbach, “When Healthy Food Makes You Hungry”, Journal of Consumer Research 37, no. 3 (October 2010): 357-67, doi: 10.1086/652248.

23. Коллеги непричастны к моему обману, так как не знали, что во время конференции сотрудники моей лаборатории собирают информацию об этих продуктах.

24. American Heart Association, “Heart Check Food Certification Program”.

25. Richard E. Nisbett and Timothy D. Wilson, “Telling More Than We Can Know: Verbal Reports on Mental Processes”, Psychological Review 84, no. 3 (1977): 231-59.

26. Heather Scherschel Wagner, Maryhope Howland, and Traci Mann, “Effects of Subtle and Explicit Health Messages on Food Choice”, Health Psychology, 2014, doi:10.1037/hea0000045.

27. Sharon S. Brehm and Jack Williams Brehm, “Psychological Reactance: A Theory of Freedom and Control” (New York: Academic Press, 1981).

28. Включая Халли Эспел, впоследствии ставшую одной из наших лучших студенток, и нашего будущего менеджера лаборатории Бритт Альстром.

29. С Мэрихоуп Хауланд и менеджером моей лаборатории Тони Га-бриелли.

30. В Кембриджском университете Тереза Мартеу и сотрудники ее лаборатории тоже обнаружили, что слово «полезные» не побуждает людей выбирать яблоки чаще, а вот сочетание слов «полезные и сочные» такой эффект оказывает. Suzanna Е. Forwood et al., “Choosing between an Apple and a Chocolate Bar: The Impact of Health and Taste Labels”, ed. Sidney Arthur Simon, PloS One 8, no. 10 (January 2013): e77500, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077500.

31. Finkelstein and Fishbach, “When Healthy Food Makes You Hungry”.

32. Эксперимент не обошелся без хитрости. На самом деле оба сэндвича вредны, но участники считают, что вреден только бигмак, а сэндвич из Subway полезен. Р. Chandon and Brian Wansink, “The Biasing Health Halos of Fast Food Restaurant Health Claims: Lower Calorie Estimates and Higher Side Dish Consumption Intentions”, Journal of Consumer Research 34, no. October (2007): 301-14.

33. Отличный эксперимент. Его результаты повлияли на развитие науки о питании. Ни один преподаваемый мной курс, касающийся пищевого поведения, психологии здоровья или методологии исследований, не обходится без его обсуждения. Herman and Mack, “Restrained and Unrestrained Eating”.

34. Janet Polivy and C. Peter Herman, “Dieting and Binging: A Causal Analysis”, American Psychologist 40, no. 2 (1985): 193-201.

35. С Джанет Томияма и Эшли Москович.

36. Janet Tomiyama et al., “Consumption after a Diet Violation: Disinhi-bition or Compensation?”, Psychological Science 20, no. 10 (October 2009): 1275-81, doi:10.1111/j.l467-9280.2009.02436.x.

37. Ravi Dhar and Itamar Simonson, “Making Complementary Choices in Consumption Episodes: Highlighting Versus Balancing”, Journal of Marketing Research (1999): 29-44.

38. Kentaro Fujita et al., “Construal Levels and Self-Control”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90, no. 3 (March 2006): 351-67, doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.3.351.

39. Tinuke Oluyomi Daniel, Christina M. Stanton, and Leonard H. Epstein, “The Future Is Now: Reducing Impulsivity and Energy Intake Using Episodic Future Thinking”, Psychological Science 24, no. 11 (November 1, 2013): 2339—42, doi:10.1177/0956797613488780.

40. K. Fujita and J. J. Carnevale, “Transcending Temptation Through Abstraction: The Role of Construal Level in Self-Control”, Current Directions in Psychological Science 21, no. 4 (July 25, 2012): 248-52, doi: 10.1177/0963721412449169.

41. Wansink, van Ittersum, and Painter, “How Descriptive Food Names Bias Sensory Perceptions in Restaurants”.

42. Walter Mischel and Nancy Baker, “Cognitive Appraisals and Transformations in Delay Behavior”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31, no. 2 (1975): 254.

43. Помните, я сказала, что всего один из 300 социальных психологов, прибывших на конференцию, догадался, что мы проводим эксперимент (с яблоками)? Это был Кен Фудзита. Ничего от него не утаишь.

44. Kentaro Fujita and Н. Anna Han, “Moving Beyond Deliberative Control of Impulses: The Effect of Construal Levels on Evaluative Associations in Self-Control Conflicts”, Psychological Science 20, no. 7 (July 1, 2009): 799-804, doi:10.1111/j.l467-9280.2009.02372.x; Kentaro Fujita, “Seeing the Forest Beyond the Trees: A Construal-Level Approach to Self-Control”, Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2, no. 3 (May 2008): 1475-96, doi:10.1111/j.l751-9004.2008.00118.x.

45. Fujita and Han, “Moving Beyond Deliberative Control of Impulses”.

1. Jon Henley, “Merde Most Foul”, Guardian, April 12, 2002, http:// www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/12/worlddispatch.jonhenley.

2. Suzanne Daley, “Budget Cuts May Foul Sidewalks of Paris”, New York Times, November 6, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/ll/06/ world/budget-cuts-may-foul-sidewalks-of-paris.html.

3. D. Neal, W. Wood, and J. Quinn, “Habits — A Repeat Performance”, Current Directions in Psychological Science 15, no. 4 (2006): 198-202; Judith A. Ouellette and Wendy Wood, “Habit and Intention in Everyday Life: The Multiple Processes by Which Past Behavior Predicts Future Behavior”, Psychological Bulletin 124, no. 1 (1998): 54-74, doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.124.1.54; Wendy Wood and David T. Neal, “A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface”, Psychological Review 114, no. 4 (October 2007): 843-63, doi:10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843.