Обратный эффект санкций. Как санкции меняют мир не в интересах США - Агата Демаре
446
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447
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448
Marcin Szczepański, “Economic Impact on the EU of Sanctions over Ukraine Conflict”, European Parliament, October 2015, https://www. europarl. europa. eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/569020/EPRS_BRI(2015)569020_EN. pdf.
449
David Enrich, Gabriele Steinhauser, and Matthew Dalton, “Loopholes Blunt Impact of U. S., EU Sanctions over Ukraine”, Wall Street Journal, July 30, 2014, https://www. wsj. com/articles/eu-units-of-russian-banks-exempt-from-sanctions‐1406714101.
450
Rick Gladstone, “U. S. Says Greek Executive Evaded Sanctions on Iran”, New York Times, March 14, 2013, https://www. nytimes. com/2013/03/15/world/middleeast/us-says-a-greek-helped-iran-evade-sanctions. html.
451
Geranmayeh and Rapnouil, “Meeting the Challenge of Secondary Sanctions”.
452
Niklas Helwig and Juha Jokela, “Future Prospects: Adapting to the Geo-economic Environment”, in Sharpening EU Sanctions Policy for a Geopolitical Era, ed. Niklas Helwig, Juha Jokela, and Clara Portela (Helsinki: Publications of the Government’s Analysis, Assessment and Research Activities, 2020), https://www. fiia. fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/vnteas_report_sharpening-eu-sanctions-policy-for-a-geopolitical-era. pdf.
453
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454
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455
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456
В марте 2023 года европейские страны приняли решение отказаться от INSTEX. (Прим. пер.)
457
Jim Brunsden, Sam Fleming, and Philip Stafford, “EU Sets Out Plans to Curb Reliance on Dollar in Post-Trump Era”, Financial Times, January 16, 2021, https://www. ft. com/content/20f39e33-e360–479e‐82e2–5441d24f0e0b.
458
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459
Kit Rees and Viktoria Dendrinou, “EU Sets Out Plans to Limit U. S. Dollar Reliance, Boost Euro”, Bloomberg, January 16, 2021, https://www. bloomberg. com/news/articles/2021–01–16/eu-draft-sets-out-plans-to-limit-u-s-dollar-reliance-ft.
460
Geranmayeh and Rapnouil, “Meeting the Challenge of Secondary Sanctions”.
461
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462
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463
Geranmayeh and Rapnouil, “Meeting the Challenge of Secondary Sanctions”.
464
Kate Duguid, “Iran Oil Sanctions Could Advance China’s ‘Petro-yuan,’ ” Reuters, May 10, 2018, https://uk. reuters. com/article/uk-iran-nuclear-china-oil/iran-oil-sanctions-could-advance-chinas-petro-yuan-idUKKBN1IB32H.
465
Max Seddon and Henry Foy, “Russia Looks at Alternatives to Dollar for Energy Transactions”, Financial Times, October 13, 2019, https://www. ft. com/content/704cde6c-eb53–11e9-a240–3b065ef5fc55.
466
Nikhilesh De, “In Wargaming Exercise, a Digital Renminbi Neuters US Sanctions and North Korea Buys Nukes”, MIT Media Lab, November 20, 2019, https://www. media. mit. edu/articles/in-wargaming-exercise-a-digital-yuan-neuters-us-sanctions-and-north-korea-buys-nukes.
467
Natasha Bright, “Sanctioned Nations Explore Bypassing Swift”, Association of Certified Sanctions Specialists, February 6, 2020, https://sanctionsassociation. org/sanctioned-nations-explore-bypassing-swift.
468
Clea Simon, “Cryptocurrency and National Insecurity”, Harvard Gazette, November 20, 2019, https://news. harvard. edu/gazette/story/2019/11/crisis-simulation-maps-national-security-risks-of-digital-currency.
469
Raju Gopalakrishnan and Manuel Mogato, “Bangladesh Bank Official’s Computer Was Hacked to Carry Out $81 Million Heist: Diplomat”, Reuters, May 19, 2016, https://www. reuters. com/article/us-cyber-heist-philippines-idUSKCN0YA0CH.
470
James Areddy, “China Creates Its Own Digital Currency, a First for Major Economy”, Wall Street Journal, April 5, 2021, https://www. wsj. com/articles/china-creates-its-own-digital-currency-a-first-for-major-economy‐11617634118.
471
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472
Ruchir Sharma, “Will Bitcoin End the Dollar’s Reign?”, Financial Times, December 9, 2020, https://www. ft. com/content/ea33b688–12e0–459c‐80c5–2efba58e6f1a.
473
“Bitcoin at ‘Tipping Point,’ Citi Says as Price Surges”, Reuters, March 1, 2021, https://www. reuters. com/article/us-crypto-currency-bitcoin-citi-idUSKCN2AT23H.
474
Peter Harrell and Elizabeth Rosenberg, “Economic Dominance, Financial Technology, and the Future of U. S. Economic Coercion”, Center for a New American Security, April 29, 2019, https://www. cnas. org/publications/reports/economic-dominance-financial-technology-and-the-future-of-u-s-economic-coercion.
475
Thomas Erdbrink, “How Bitcoin Could Help Iran Undermine U. S. Sanctions”, New York Times, January 29, 2019, https://www. nytimes. com/2019/01/29/world/middleeast/bitcoin-iran-sanctions. html.
476
Ellen Nakashima, “U. S. Accuses Three North Koreans of Conspiring to Steal More than $1.3 Billion in Cash and Cryptocurrency”, Washington Post, February 18, 2021, https://www. washingtonpost. com/national-security/north-korea-hackers-banks-theft/2021/02/17/3dccf0dc‐7129–11eb‐93be-c10813e358a2_story. html.
477
“The Financial World’s Nervous System Is Being Rewired”, Economist, May 9, 2020, https://www. economist. com/special-report/2020/05/07/the-financial-worlds-nervous-system-is-being-rewired.
478
Natasha Bright, “Do Cryptocurrencies Pose a Sanctions Risk?”, Association of Certified Sanctions Specialists, October 4, 2019, https://sanctionsassociation. org/do-cryptocurrencies-pose-a-sanctions-risk.
479
Tanvi Ratna, “Iran Has a Bitcoin Strategy to Beat Trump”, Foreign Policy, January 24, 2020, https://foreignpolicy. com/2020/01/24/iran-bitcoin-strategy-cryptocurrency-blockchain-sanctions.
480
“Sanctions Compliance for Banks in the Age of Crypto-assets”, LexisNexis, June 5, 2020, https://blogs. lexisnexis. com/financial-crime-in-focus/sanctions-compliance-for-banks-in-the-age-of-crypto-assets.
481
Author’s calculations using Swift, CHIPS, and Fedwire data.
482
Монеро (англ. Monero, от эспер. Monero — «монета») — криптовалюта на основе протокола CryptoNote, ориентированная на повышенную конфиденциальность транзакций. Криптовалюта появилась 18 апреля
