Обратный эффект санкций. Как санкции меняют мир не в интересах США - Агата Демаре
123
Edith Lederer, “Russia, China Block UN from Saying North Korea Violated Sanctions”, Associated Press, June 19, 2019, https://apnews. com/article/cb6be1337d2a48ecbde14dac590be083.
124
Smets, “Can Economic Sanctions Be Effective?”.
125
“Sixty Years of US Aid to Pakistan”, Guardian, July 11, 2011, https://www. theguardian. com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jul/11/us-aid-to-pakistan.
126
Nazia Malik, “Economic Sanctions Imposed on Pakistan and Their Impact (1979–2001)”, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University Singapore, accessed May 20, 2020, http://www. ipedr. com/vol39/028-ICITE2012-K00006. pdf.
127
Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (London: Penguin, 2004), 164–69.
128
Coll, Ghost Wars, 296–300.
129
Coll, Ghost Wars, 406.
130
Coll, Ghost Wars, 313.
131
Francisco Rodríguez, “Why More Sanctions Won’t Help Venezuela”, Foreign Policy, January 12, 2018, https://foreignpolicy. com/2018/01/12/why-more-sanctions-wont-help-venezuela.
132
Michael Birnbaum, “Putin’s Approval Ratings Hit 89 Percent, the Highest They’ve Ever Been”, Washington Post, June 24, 2015, https://www. washingtonpost. com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/06/24/putins-approval — ratings-hit‐89-percent-the-highest-theyve-ever-been.
133
Строго говоря, Соединенных Штатов в тот момент еще не существовало (государство образовано только в 1776 году). (Прим. пер.)
134
Robert Middlekauff, Benjamin Franklin and His Enemies (Oakland: University of California Press, 1998), 57.
135
Richard Haass, “Economic Sanctions: Too Much of a Bad Thing”, Brookings, June 1, 1998, https://www. brookings. edu/research/economic-sanctions-too-much-of-a-bad-thing.
136
Kathryn Zeimetz, “USSR Agricultural Trade, August 1991”, Statistical Bulletin 808 (August 1991): 15, https://ageconsearch. umn. edu/record/154704/files/sb808. pdf.
137
Carl Zulauf, Jonathan Coppess, Nick Paulson, and Gary Schnitkey, “U. S. Corn, Soybean, Wheat Exports and USSR Grain Embargo: Contemporary Implications”, farmdoc daily 8, no. 129 (July 2018), https://farmdocdaily. illinois. edu/2018/07/us-corn-soybean-wheat-exports-and-ussr-grain-embargo-contemporary-implications. html.
138
Frank Morris, “Farmers Swept Up in Trade Wars Remember ’80s Grain Embargo”, National Public Radio, August 16, 2018, https://www. npr. org/2018/08/16/639149657/farmers-caught-up-in-u-s-trade-war-s-remember‐80-s-grain-embargo.
139
Morris, “Farmers Swept Up Iin Trade Wars”.
140
Gary Hufbauer, Kimberly Ann Elliott, Tess Cyrus, and Elizabeth Ann Winston, “US Economic Sanctions: Their Impact on Trade, Jobs, and Wages”, Peterson Institute for International Economics Working Paper (Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, April 1997), https://www. piie. com/publications/working-papers/us-economic-sanctions-their-impact-trade-jobs-and-wages.
141
Расчеты автора с использованием данных Economist Intelligence Unit, март 2021 года.
142
Dina Khrennikova and Anna Andrianova, “Trump’s Oil Sanctions Leave Russian Exporters $1 Billion Richer”, Bloomberg, August 16, 2019, https://www. bloomberg. com/news/articles/2019–08–16/trump-s-oil-sanctions-leave-russian-exporters‐1-billion-richer.
143
“Treasury Targets Additional Russian Oil Brokerage Firm for Continued Support of Maduro Regime”, U. S. Treasury, March 12, 2020, https://home. treasury. gov/news/press-releases/sm937.
144
Clare Ribando Seelke, “Venezuela: Overview of U. S. Sanctions”, Congressional Research Service, accessed April 23, 2020, https://fas. org/sgp/crs/row/IF10715. pdf.
145
“Factbox: Oil, Loans, Military — Russia’s Exposure to Venezuela”, Reuters, January 24, 2019, https://www. reuters. com/article/us-venezuela-politics-russia-factbox/factbox-oil-loans-military-russias-exposure-to-venezuela-idUSKCN1PI1T4.
146
Иван Ткачёв, “Танкеры с пропиской в России подключились к перевозке венесуэльской нефти”, РБК, December 14, 2020, https://www. rbc. ru/economics/14/12/2020/5fce9d879a79471c1e8cb6b4.
147
Gabrielle Tétrault-Farber and Olesya Astakhova, “Rosneft Sells Venezuelan Assets to Russia After U. S. Sanctions Ramp Up”, Reuters, March 28, 2020, https://www. reuters. com/article/us-russia-rosneft-venezuela/rosneft-sells-venezuelan-assets-to-russia-after-u-s-sanctions-ramp-up-idUSKBN21F0W2.
148
Aaron Blake, “Trump Echoes Putin on Venezuela — and Contradicts His Own Secretary of State”, Washington Post, May 3, 2019, https://www. washingtonpost. com/politics/2019/05/03/trump-echoes-putin-venezuela-contradicts-his-own-secretary-state.
149
“Economic Affairs — Second Report”, House of Lords, April 24, 2007, https://publications. parliament. uk/pa/ld200607/ldselect/ldeconaf/96/9606. htm#a8.
150
Wilfrid Kreisel, “Health Situation in Iraq”, World Health Organization, February 26, 2001, https://apps. who. int/disasters/repo/6386. doc.
151
Sarah Zaidi and Mary Smith Fawzi, “Health of Baghdad’s Children”, Lancet 346, no. 8988 (1995): 1485, https://doi. org/10.1016/s0140–6736(95)92499-x.
152
Указанное количество — популярный миф, раскрученный для борьбы с санкциями. Величину в 576 000 детей Продовольственная и сельскохозяйственная организация Объединенных Наций (ФАО) получила в 1995 году исключительно на основании грубой оценки изменения детской смертности. В 1999 году Детский фонд ООН (ЮНИСЕФ) опубликовал близкую оценку (более 500 000 детей), основанную на сравнении трендов детской смертности 1980-х и 1990-х. Однако последующие исследователи назвали этот метод «фальсификацией» и «мошенничеством». Три дальнейших независимых исследования ООН (2004, 2006, 2011) не выявили существенной разницы в уровне детской смертности до и после ввода санкций (результаты опубликованы в журнале British Medical Journal: https://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC5717930/). После критики ЮНИСЕФ признал, что его данные вовсе не означали, что погибло полмиллиона детей. (Прим. пер.)
153
Tim Dyson and Valeria Cetorelli, “Changing Views on Child Mortality and Economic Sanctions in Iraq: a History of Lies, Damned Lies and Statistics”, BMJ Global Health (July 2017), https://dx. doi. org/10.1136/bmjgh‐2017–000311.
154
David Rieff, “Were Sanctions Right?”, New York Times, July 27, 2003, https://www. nytimes. com/2003/07/27/magazine/were-sanctions-right. html.
155
Joy Gordon, Invisible War: The United States and the Iraq Sanctions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 200.
156
“Iran Country Report”, Economist Intelligence Unit, 2021.
157
“Russia Country Report”, Economist Intelligence Unit, 2021.
158
“Venezuela Country Report”, Economist Intelligence Unit, 2020.
159
Richard Partington, “14m Bolivars for a Chicken: Venezuela Hyperinflation Explained”, Guardian, August 20, 2018, https://www. theguardian. com/world/2018/aug/20/venezuela-bolivars-hyperinflation-banknotes.
160
“Why It’s Hard for Congo’s Coltan Miners to Abide by the Law”, Economist,
