Роджер Киран - Продавшие социализм: Теневая экономика в СССР

Как тут не вспомнить слова Зевса из «Одиссеи» Гомера, когда он с усмешкой говорит о том, до чего люди любят сваливать на богов вину за все постигающие их несчастия. «Хотя своими собственными неразумными действиями они сами делают так, чтобы сошедшие на них испытания выглядели гораздо тяжелее, чем они есть на самом деле», — добавляет при этом «старший среди богов».

Разумеется, такие события, как падение древней Трои и разрушение современного нам Советского Союза во многом отличаются друг от друга как по времени, так и по своим масштабам и последствиям. И все же кажется, что теперь, как и тогда, немало людей одинаково склонны усматривать причины своих провалов и неуспехов, прежде всего и единственно, в силах и факторах, находящихся вне поля их непосредственного контроля.

Не случайно кубинский лидер Фидель Кастро, не будучи Зевсом, повторил, хоть и в несколько более прозаическом виде, примерно те же слова насмешки и презрения в адрес тех, кто без конца громко жалуется на постигшие их несчастья, не желая видеть и признавать за собой никакой вины в том, что произошло. В интервью никарагуанской «Новой газете», опубликованном 3 июня 1992 года под заголовком «О Сталине и крахе Советского Союза», он заявил буквально следующее:

«Социализм в Восточной Европе не был побежденным. Он не упал под натиском каких-либо превосходящих его сил и факторов. Он просто покончил жизнь самоубийством».

Если у проделанной нами работы над этой книгой окажется все-таки какой-нибудь смысл, значение или ценность, то, на наш взгляд, они состоят, прежде всего и исключительно в том, что таким образом мы надеемся положить начало последующей углубленной дискуссии. Дискуссии, по поводу все еще ожидающей своего настоящего объяснения проблемы: каким образом оказалось возможным, чтобы группа людей, находящихся у власти, своими безрассудными (или предательскими?) действиями могла помочь империализму праздновать сегодня факт разрушения первого за всю историю человечества государства победившего социализма.

Источники на английском языке

Aganbegyan Abel. The Economic Challenge of Perestroika (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1988).

Aganbegyan Abel. The Economic Challenge of Perestroika (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988; Inside Perestroika: the Future of the Soviet Economy (New York: Harper and Row, 1989).

Alexeev Michael V. «Expenditures on Privately Rented Housing and Imputed Rents in the USSR», (Berkeley — Duke Occasional Paper, November 1991).

Alexeev Michael V. «The Russian Underground Economy in Transitions in Michael Walker, ed. The Underground Economy: Global Evidence of its Size and Impact (Vancouver, Canada: Fraser Institute, 1997).

Alexeev Michael V. «The Underground Market for Gasoline in the USSR», (Berkeley-Duke Occasional Paper, (April 1987).

Alexeev Michael V. and Pyle William. «A Note on Measuring the Unofficial Economy in the former Soviet Republics)), William Davidson Institute Working Papers, University of Michigan Business School, no. 436, table #6, (July 2001).

Ambartsumov E., Burlatsky F., Krasin Y. and Pletnyov E. Real Socialism… for a working class estimate (reprint from New Times) (New York: New Outlook Publishers, 1978)

Andreyeva Nina. «I Cannot Forgo My Principles)), in Alexander Dallin and Gail W. Lapidus, eds., The Soviet System: From Crisis to Collapse (Boulder, San Francisco and Oxford: Westview Press, 1995).

Andropov Yuri., «ln Celebration of the Sixtieth Anniversary of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)), A Reader on Social Sciences (Moscow: Progress, 1985). 381: John and Margrit Pittman, Peaceful Coexistence: Its Theory and Practice in the Soviet Union (New York: International Publishers. 1964)

Aslund Anders. Gorbachev's Struggle for Economic Reform (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1989).

Azad Bahman. Heroic Struggle Bitter Defeat: Factors Contributing to the Dismantling of the Socialist State in the USSR (New York: International Publishers, 2000).

«Blueprint for the Year 1986: Statement by Mikhail Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee)), Pravda (January, 16, 1986) reprinted in Reprints from the Soviet Press (February 15,1986).

Boldin Valery. Ten Years That Shook the World: The Gorbachev Era as Witnessed By His Chief of Staff (New York: Basic Books, 1994).

Boorstein Edward. Aliende 's Chile (New York: International Publishers, 1977).

Breslauer George W. Gorbachev and Yeltsin as Leaders (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002)

Brezhnev quoted by David Pryce — Jones, The Strange Death of the Soviet Empire (New York: Henry Holt, 1995).

Brown Archie. The Gorbachev Factor (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

Brudny Yitzhak. Reinventing Russia: Russian Nationalism, and the Soviet State, 1953–1991 (Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 1998).

Bzezinski quoted by Pankaj Mishen, «The Making of Afghanistan)) (The New York Review of Books, 2001).

Carr Edward Hallett. What Is History? (New York: Vintage Books, 1967).

Castells Manuel and Kiselova Emma. The Collapse of Soviet Communism: A View From the Information Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995)

Castro Fidel quoted by Andrew Murray, Flashpoint: World War III (London: Pluto Press, 1996).

«1992 Castro Interviewed ON: Soviet Collapse, Stalin», El Nuevo Diario [Managua] (3 June 1992).

Chernyaev Anatoly. My Six Years with Gorbachev (University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 2000)

Cohen Stephen F. Bucharin and the Bolshevik Revolution (New York: Vintage, 1975)

Cohen Stephen F. Failed Crusade: America and the Tragedy of Post-Communist Russia (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 2000)

Cohen Stephen F. Reinterpreting the Soviet Experience (New York: Oxford University Press 1985)

Cohen Stephen F., «lntroduction», to Yegor Ligachev, Inside Gorbachev's Kremlin, (New York: Pantheon Books, 1993).

Cohen Stephen F. and Katrina van den Heuvel. Voices of Glasnost (New York: Norton, 1989).

Coleman Fred. The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Empire: Forty Years that Shook the World from Stalin to Yeltsin (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996),

Congress, Joint Economic Committee, Soviet Economy in a Time of Change, report entitled «Notes on the Illegal Private Economy and Corruption» by Gregory Grossman, 96 Cong., 1 sess., 1979, Committee Print.

D'Agostino Anthony. Gorbachev's Revolution (New York: New York University Press, 1998).

Dallin Alexander. «The Causes of the Collapse of the Soviet Union». Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 8, No. 4 (1992).

Dallin Alexander and Lapidus Gail W.The Soviet System: From Crisis to Collapse Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1995)

Daniels Robert V. «Soviet Society and American Soviet Studies: a Study in Success?» in Michael Cox, Rethinking The Soviet Collapse, (London and New York: Cassell, 1999).

Daniels Robert V. «Was Communism Reformable?» The Nation, 3 January 2000

Davidow Mike. Perestroika, (New York: International Publishers, 1993)

D'Encausse Helene Carrere.The End of the Soviet Empire (New York: Basic Books, 1994).

Dobb Maurice. Soviet Economic Development Since 1917 (New York: International Publishers, 1966).

Dobrynin Anatoly. In Confidence (New York: Times Books/Random House, 1995).

Dunlop John B. The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).

Ellman Michael and Kontorovich Vladimir. The Collapse of the Soviet Union and the Memoir Literature: Europe — Asia Studies, 49, no. 2 (March 1997).

Ellman Michael and Kontorovich Vladimir. The Destruction of the Soviet Economic System (Armonk, New York, and London: M. E. Sharpe, 1998).

Estimates developed by Gregory Grossman, in «The Second Economy: Boon or Bane for the Reform of the First Есопоту?» in Economic Reforms in the Socialist World, Stanislaw Gomulka et al., eds., (London: Macmillan, 1989).

Fedosyev P., ed. What Is Democratic Socialism? (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1980).

Fitzgerald Frances. Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars, and the End of the Cold War (New York, et al.: Simon & Schuster, 2000).

For the Forthcoming XXII-th CPSU Congress.

For a good summary of studies of Soviet political institutions, see Albert Szymanski, «The Class Basis of Political Processes in the Soviet Union», Science & Society (Winter, 1978—79)

Frank Andre Gunder. «What Went Wrong in the 'Socialist' East?» Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 24, no. 1 and 2

Gaddy Clifford G. «The Size of the Prostitution Market in the USSR», (Berkeley — Duke Occasional Рарег», November 1989) and Kimberly C. Neuhauser, «The Market for Illegal Drugs in the Soviet Union in the Late 1980s», (Berkeley — Duke Occasional Paper, November 1990).

Garcia Delia Luisa Lopez, «Economic Crisis, Adjustment, and Democracy in Cuba», in Jose Bell Lara, ed., Cuba in the 1990s (Havana: Editorial Jose Marti, 1999).

Garrard John and Carol. Inside the Soviet Writers Union (New York: Free Press, 1990), 205.

Gervasi Sean, «A Full Court Press: The Destabilization of the Soviet Union», Covert Action, Fall? 1990.

Gibbs Joseph. Gorbachev's Glasnost (College Station: Texas A &M University Press, 1999).

Gill Graeme. The Collapse of a Single — party System (Cambridge: Cambridge; University Press, 1994; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).

Gooding John. Socialism in Russia: Lenin and his Legacy, 1890–1991 (New York: Palgrave, 2002).

Goldman Marshall I. What Went Wrong With Perestroika? (New York: Norton, 1991).

Gorbachev M. For the Forthcoming XXVII CPSU Congress.

Gorbachev M. Memoirs. (New York: Doubleday, 1995).

Gorbachev Mikhail. October and Perestroika: the Revolution Continues (Moscow Novosti Press Agency, 1987).

Gorbachev Mikhail. Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World (New York et al.; Harper & Row, 1987).

Gorbachev Mikhail. Political Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the 27-th Party Congress (Moscow: Novosti, 1986).

Gorbachev Raissa. I Hope (New York: Harper Collins, 1991).

Grossman Gregory. «A Tonsorial View of the Soviet Second Есопоту», (Berkeley — Duke Occasional Paper, December 1985).

Grossman Gregory, inflationary, Political, and Social Implications of the Current Economic Slowdowns in Hans — Hermann Hoehmann, Alex Nove, and Heinrich Vogel, Economics and Politics in the USSR (Boulder and London: Westview Press, 1986).

Grossman Gregory. «The 'Second Economy'of the USSR», Problems of Communism (September — October, 1977).

Grossman Gregory, «The Second Economy: Boon or Bane for the Reform of the First Есопоту?» in Economic Reforms in the Socialist World (London: Macmillan, 1989).

Grossman Gregory. «The Second Economy in the USSR and Eastern Europe: A Bibliography», (Berkeley— Duke Occasional Papers on the Second Economy of the USSR, July 1990).

Grossman Gregory. «Sub-Rosa Privatization and Marketizatibn in the USSR», Annals, ASPSS (January, 1990).

Grossman Gregory. «Subverted Sovereignty: Historical Role of the Soviet Underground)), in Stephen S. Cohen, et al., eds. The Tunnel at the End of the Light (Berkeley: University of California, 1998).

Hall Gus. The Power of Ideology (New York: New Outlook, 1989).

Halliday Fred. «A Singular Collapse: The Soviet Union, Market Pressure and Inter — State Competitions Contention Magazine (1992).

Handelman Stephen. Comrade Criminal: Russia's New Mafiya (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995)

Harris Jonathan. The Public Politics of Aleksandr Nikolaevich Yakovlev, 1983–1989 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Center for Russian and East European Studies, 1990).

Hobsbawm Eric On History (New York: The New Press, 1997).

Hosking Geoffrey. The First Socialist Society (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992)

Hough Jerry. Democratization and Revolution m the USSR, 1985–1991 (Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1997).

Jones Anthony and Moskoff William. The Great Market Debate in Soviet Economics, An Anthology (Armonk, New York and London: M.E. Sharpe, 1991)

Jones Anthony and Moskoff William. Koops: The Rebirth of Entrepreneurship in the Soviet Union (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991).

Kagarlitsky Boris. Restoration in Russia: Why Capitalism Failed (London: Verso, 1995).

Kaiser Robert. Why Gorbachev Happened: His Triumphs and His Failure (New York, London, et al.: Simon & Schuster, 1991).

Kalugin Oleg. The First Directorate New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994).

Kenez Peter. A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

Kim Byung-Yeon. informal Economy Activities of Soviet Households: Size and Dynamics», (PERSA Working Paper No. 26, University of Warwick, 29 January 2003).

Knight Amy. Spies Without Cloaks (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996)

Koriagina Tatiana. «The Shadow Economy of the USSR», izd-vo Pravda (1990).

Kotkin Stephen. Armageddon Averted: the Soviet Collapse, 1970–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

Kotz David and Weir Fred. Revolution from Above; The Demise of the Soviet System (London and New York: Routledge 1997).

Kozlov G. A. Political Economy: Socialism (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977); L. Leontyev, Political Economy: A Condensed Course (New York: International, 1974); P. I. Nikitin, The Fundamentals of Political Economy (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1983); G. S. Sarkisyants, ed. Soviet Economy: Results and Prospects (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977); and Yuri Popov, Essays in Political Economy (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1985).