Ричард Овери - Сталин и Гитлер

98. S. Fitzpatrick ‘Signals from Below: Soviet Letters of Denunciation of the 1930s’, Journal of Modern History, 68 (1996), p. 834; Thurston, Life and Terror, p. 71.

99. Fitzpatrick, ‘Signals from Below’, p. 835.

100. V. Kozlov ‘Denunciation and its Functions in Soviet Governance: a Study of Denunciations and their Bureaucratic Handling from Soviet Police Archives 1944–1953’, Journal of Modern History, 68 (1996), p. 876.

101. Gellately, Gestapo and German Society, p. 162; see too Johnson, Nazi Terror, p. 365, who shows that in Krefeld civilian denunciations began 24 per cent of cases, while 32 per cent were initiated by the police.

102. Malimann and Paul, ‘Gestapo, Society and Resistance’, p. 179.

103. R. Gellately ‘Denunciations in Twentieth-Century Germany: Aspects of Self-Policing in the Third Reich and the German Democratic Republic’, Journal of Modern History, 68 (1996), p. 939.

104. Fitzpatrick, ‘Signals from Below’, p. 861.

105. J. Connelly The Uses of Volksgemeinschaft: Letters to the NSDAP Kresileitung Eisenach, 1939–1940’, Journal of Modern History, 68 (1996), p. 926. On motivation see C. Arbogast Herrschaftsinstanzen der württembergischen NSDAP: Funktion, Sozialprofi l und Lebenswege einer regionalen NS-Elite 1920–1960 (Munich, 1998), pp. 102–11.

106. Fitzpatrick, ‘Signals from Below’, p. 848.

107. For example, Benvenuti, ‘Industry and Purge’, pp. 61–3, 68–9.

108. R. Evans ‘Social Outsiders in German History: From the Sixteenth Century to 1933’, in Gellately and Stoltzfus, Social Outsiders, pp. 20–44; see too G. Alexopoulos Stalin’s Outcasts: Aliens, Citizens and the Soviet State, 1926–1936 (Ithaca, NY, 2003), pp. 3–11.

109. S. Fitzpatrick ‘How the Mice Buried the Cat: scenes from the Great Purges of 1937 in the Russian Provinces’, Russian Review, 52 (1993), p. 319. no. Baynes, Hitler’s Speeches, vol. i., p. 230.

111. R. Gellately Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 2001), pp. 51–69. See too B. Engelmann In Hitler’s Germany: Everyday Life in the Third Reich (London, 1988), pp. 34–5. Engelmann, discussing the camps with acquaintances after the war, records the following: ‘My parents spoke of the camps as having an important educational function. Of course in my house there was more talk of “dangerous enemies of the state”, and I also heard that they were dealt with severely.’

112. M. Ellman The Soviet 1937 Provincial Show Trials: Carnival or Terror?’, Europe – Asia Studies, 53 (2001), pp. 1221, 1223–33.

113. I. Zbarsky and S. Hutchinson Lenin’s Embalmers (London, 1998), pp. 108–9.

114. Connelly, ‘Uses of Volksgemeinschaff, p. 917.

115. I. Gutkin The Magic of Words: Symbolism, Futurism, Socialist Realism’, in B. G. Rosenthal (ed.) The Occult in Russian and Soviet Culture (Ithaca, NY, 1997), pp. 241–4.

116. E. Lyons Assignment Utopia (London, 1937), p. 372.

117. R. Rhodes Masters of Death: the SS Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust (New York, 2002), p. 219.

118. Kaden and Nestler, Dokumente des Verbrechens, vol. i., pp. 245, 247, Rede Heinrich Himmlers in Posen, 4 October 1943.

119. Resis, Molotov Remembers, pp. 265, 270.

Глава 6

1. J. Thies ‘Nazi Architecture – a Blueprint for World Domination: the Last Aims of Adolf Hitler’, in D. Welch (ed.) Nazi Propaganda (London, 1983), pp. 46–7.

2. T. J. Colton Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), p. 280.

3. Colton, Socialist Metropolis, p. 218.

4. K. Berton Moscow: an Architectural History (London, 1977), pp. 222–4.

5. Colton, Socialist Metropolis, p. 332; Berton, Moscow, p. 224.

6. R. Eaton Ideal Cities: Utopianism and the (Un) Built Environment (London, 2001), pp. 183–96 on Soviet utopianism; Colton, Socialist Metropolis, p. 333.

7. A. Speer Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs (London, 1970), pp. 74, 132–3.

8. D. Münk Die Organisation des Raumes im Nationalsozialismus (Bonn, 1993), p. 304; A. Scobie Hitler’s State Architecture: the Impact of Classical Antiquity (London, 1990), pp. 110–12; H. Weihsmann Bauen unterm Hakenkreuz: Architektur des Untergangs (Vienna, 1998), pp. 19–20.

9. Weihsmann, Bauen unterm Hakenkreuz, p. 272; Scobie, Hitler’s State Architecture, p. 112.

10. W. C. Brumfi eld A History of Russian Architecture (Cambridge, 1993), p. 486; Colton, Socialist Metropolis, p. 332.

11. E. Forndran Die Stadt-und Industriegründungen Wolfsburg und Salzgitter (Frankfurt am Main, 1984), pp. 67–8.

12. L. E. Blomquist ‘Some Utopian Elements in Stalinist Art’, Russian Review, 11 (1984), pp. 298–301; Colton, Socialist Metropolis, p. 223. See too A. J. Klinghoffer Red Apocalypse: the Religious Evolution of Soviet Communism (Lanham, Md, 1996), pp. 48 ff.

13. Scobie, Hitler’s State Architecture, p. 97.

14. Forndran, Die Stadt-und Industriegründungen, pp. 67–8.

15. Colton, Socialist Metropolis, p. 200.

16. S. F. Starr ‘Visionary Town Planning during the Cultural Revolution’, in S. Fitzpatrick (ed.) Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928–1931 (Bloomington, Ind., 1978), p. 218.

17. R. Stites Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (Oxford, 1989), p. 202.

18. M. Droste Bauhaus, 1919–1933 (Cologne, 1998), pp. 227–8, 233–5.

19. H. Giesler Ein anderer Hitler: Bericht seines Architekten Hermann Giesler (Leoni, 1977), pp. 199, 206; G. Troost (ed.) Das Bauen im neuen Reich (Bayreuth, 1939), p. 131.

20. Weihsmann, Bauen unterm, Hakenkreuz, pp. 274–5.

21. Thies, ‘Nazi Architecture’, pp. 45–6.

22. Colton, Socialist Metropolis, p. 254.

23. Colton, Socialist Metropolis, pp. 277–8.

24. Berton, Moscow, p. 226.

25. Berton, Moscow, pp. 228–9; V. Paperny ‘Moscow in the 1930s and the Emergence of a New City’, in H. Günther The Culture of the Stalin Period (London, 1990), pp. 233–4.

26. Colton, Socialist Metropolis, pp. 257–9.

27. Colton, Socialist Metropolis, p. 327.

28. Brumfi eld, History of Russian Architecture, p. 49.

29. Münk, Die Organisation des Raumes, p. 304.

30. Forndran, Die Stadt-und Industrigründungen, pp. 88–9; M. Cluet L’Architecture du Hie Reich: Origines intellectuelles et visées idéologiques (Bern, 1987), pp. 201–4.

31. Weihsmann, Bauen unterm Hakenkreuz, p. 28.

32. Münk, Die Organisation des Raumes, pp. 306–7; on Wolfsburg see C. Schneider Stadtgründung im Dritten Reich: Wolfsburg und Salzgitter (Munich, 1979).

33. Weihsmann, Bauen unterm Hakenkreuz, p. 22.

34. Speer, Inside the Third Reich, p. 140. The calculation was in current (1960s) marks.

35. T. Harlander and G. Fehl (eds) Hitlers sozialer Wohnungsbau 1940–1945: Wohnungs politik, Baugestaltung und Siedlungsplanung (Hamburg, 1986), p. 111: Memorandum of D AF ‘Die sozialen Aufgaben nach dem Kriege’, 1941.

36. Harlander and Fehl, Hitlers sozialer Wohnungsbau, p. 116: DAF Homesteads Offi ce Totale Planung und Gestaltung’, 1940.

37. Harlander and Fehl Hitlers sozialer Wohnungsbau, pp. 131–2: Hitler Decree ‘Das Grundgesetz des sozialen Wohnungsbau’, 25 November 1940.

38. On the plans for the new economy area see for example H. Kahrs ‘Von der “Grossraumwirtschaft” zur “Neuen Ordnung”’, in H. Kahrs (ed.) Modelle für ein deutsches Europa: Ökonomie und Herrschaft im Grosswirtschaftsraum (Berlin, 1992), pp. 9–26.

39. Thies, ‘Nazi Architecture’, pp. 54–8.

40. S. Steinbacher ‘Musterstadt Auschwitz’: Germanisierungspolitik und Judenmord in Ostoberschlesien (Munich, 2000), pp. 223–4, 238.

41. D. Dwork and R. J. van Pelt Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present (New York, 1996), p. 156.

42. Dwork and van Pelt, Auschwitz, pp. 241–4.

43. Steinbacher, ‘Musterstadt Auschwitz’, p. 224; G. Aly and S. Heim Architects of Annihilation: Auschwitz and the Logic of Destruction (London, 2002), pp. 106–12.

44. Colton, Socialist Metropolis, p. 284.

45. Starr, ‘Visionary Town Planning’, pp. 208, 210; Stites, Revolutionary Dreams, pp. 197–8.

46. Starr, ‘Visionary Town Planning’, p. 238; Stites, Revolutionary Dreams, pp. 97–8.

47. Blomquist, ‘Utopian Elements in Stalinist Art’, p. 298; on the ambiguity between modernity and progress see C. Caldenby The Vision of a Rational Architecture’, Russian Review, 11 (1984), pp. 269–82.

48. Brumfi eld, History of Russian Architecture, pp. 486–7.

49. Colton, Socialist Metropolis, p. 223.

50. S. Kotkin Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as Civilization (Berkeley, Calif., 1995), pp. 34, 397.

51. Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain, pp. 116–17, 120; see too Caldenby, ‘Rational Architecture’, pp. 270–71.

52. Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain, p. 117.

53. Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain, pp. 125, 134–5.

54. F. Rouvidois ‘Utopia and Totalitarianism’, in R. Schner, G. Claeys and L. T. Sargent (eds) Utopia: the Search for the Ideal Society in the Western World (New York, 2000), p. 330.

55. D. Schoenbaum Hitler’s Social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi Germany 1933–1939 (New York, 1966), p. 38.

56. R. Zitelmann Hitler: the Politics of Seduction (London, 1999), pp. 109, 127; E. Syring Hitler: seine politische Utopie (Frankfurt am Main, 1994), pp. 170–71.

57. Zitelmann, Hitler, pp. 145, 147.

58. S. Fitzpatrick ‘Ascribing Class: The Construction of Social Identity in Soviet Russia’, Journal of Modern History, 65 (1993), pp. 749–50; see too G. Alexopoulos Stalin’s Outcasts: Aliens, Citizens, and the Soviet State 1926–1936 (Ithaca, NY, 2003), pp. 14–17, 21–5.

59. Zitelmann, Hitler, pp. 127, 145; Schoenbaum, Hitler’s Social Revolution, pp. 65–6; F. L. Kroll Utopie als Ideologie: Geschichtsdenken und politisches Handeln im Dritten Reich (Paderborn, 1998), pp. 35–9.

60. A. Kolnai The War Against the West (London, 1938), pp. 73, 80.

61. Münk, Organisation des Raumes, p. 67.

62. F. Janka Die braune Gesellschaft: ein Volk wird formatiert (Stuttgart, 1997), pp. 172–85, 196–7; see too Syring, Hitler: seine politische Utopie, pp. 22–9, 210.

63. Münk, Organisation des Raumes, p. 63

64. Schoenbaum, Hitler’s Social Revolution, p. 62.

65. Schoenbaum, Hitler’s Social Revolution, p. 57.

66. A. Lüdtke The “Honor of Labor”: Industrial Workers and the Power of Symbols under National Socialism’, in D. Crew (ed.) Nazism and German Society 1933–1945 (London, 1994), pp. 67–109.

67. Zitelmann, Hitler, pp. 154–6.

68. Schoenbaum, Hitler’s Social Revolution, p. 67; see too the statistical analyses in D. Mühlberger (ed.) The Social Basis of European Fascist Movements (London, 1987), pp. 76–94.

69. Fitzpatrick, ‘Ascribing Class’, pp. 749–50.

70. Alexopoulos, Stalin’s Outcasts, pp. 24–8, 70–73, 90–95; Fitzpatrick, ‘Ascribing Class’, pp. 756–7.

71. L. Siegelbaum ‘Production Collectives and Communes and the “Imperatives” of Soviet Industrialization’, Slavic Review, 45 (1986), pp. 65–79.